AP Psychology Human Development
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| accommodation | refers to changing an existing schema to incorporate new information that cannot be assimilated.In Piaget's theory.
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| adolescence | life stage from puberty to independent adulthood, denoted physically by a growth spurt and maturation of primary and secondary sex characteristics, cognitively by the onset of formal operational thought, and socially by the formation of identity.
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| alzheimer's disease | a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, phisical funtioning.
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| assimilation | refers to interpreting a new experience in terms of an existing schema.In Piaget's theory.
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| attachment | an emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to a caregiver and showing distress on separation.
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| basic trust | according to Erikson is a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy - a concept that infants form if their needs are met by responsive caregiving.
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| cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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| concrete operational stage | the stage lasting from about ages 6 or 7 to 11, children can think logically about concrete events and objects.
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| conservation | the principle that properties such as number, volume, and mass remain constant despite changes in the forms of objects; it is acquired during the concrete operational stage.
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| critical period | the limited time shortly after birth during which an organism must be exposed to certain experiences or influences if it is to develop properly.
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| cross-sectional study | in this study people of different ages are compared with one another.
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| crystalized intelligence | one's accumulated acknowledge and verbal skills; tends fo increase with age
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| crystallized intelligence | refers to those aspects of intellectual ability, such as vocabulary and general knowledged that reflect accumulated learning. Crystallized intelligence tends to increase with age.
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| developmental psychology | a branch of psychology that studies human development in phsical, cognitive, and social change perspectives.
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| egocentrism | in Piaget's theory refers to the difficulty that preoperational children have in considing another's viewpoint. "Ego" means "self" erring and "centrism" indicates "in the center"; the preoperational child is "self-centered."
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| embryo | the developing prenatal organism from about 2 weeks through 2 months after conception.
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| fetal alcohol syndrome | a syndrome that refers to the physical and cognitive abnormalities that heavy drinking by a pregnant woman may cause in the developing child.
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| fetus | the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
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| fluid intelligence | refers to a person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly. Fluid intelligence tends to decline with age.
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| formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory normally begins about age 12. During this stage people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
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| habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repearted exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
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| identity | one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
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| imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attachments early in life, usually during a limited critical period.
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| intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
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| longitudinal study | in this study the same people are tested and retested over a period of years.
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| maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
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| menarche | the first menstrual period.
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| menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
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| object permanance | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
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| preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory lasts from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age. During this stage, language development is rapid, but the child is unable to understand the mental operations of concrete logic.
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| primary sex characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that enable reproduction.
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| puberty | the early adolescent period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproduction.
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| rooting reflex | a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple.
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| schemas | are mental concepts that organize and interpret information. They are found in Piaget's theory of cognitive development
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| secondary sex characteristics | the nonreproductive sexual characteristics, for example,female breasts, male voice quality, and body hair.
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| self-concept | a person's sense of identity and personal worth.
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| sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory of cognitive stages, this stage lasts from birth to about age 2.During this stage, infants gain knowledge of the world through their senses and their motor activities.
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| social clock | the cultural preferred timing of social event such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
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| stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants begin to display at about 8 months of age.
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| teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
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| zygote | the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
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| theory of mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict.
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| autism | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.
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