Critique Final
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| Brightness can be adjusted through postprocessing _________ | windowing
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| Intensity refers to the total _____ of xray photons | QUANTITY
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| ______ is the controlling factor for intensity | mAs
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| Contrast is | the ratio or % difference between two adjacent brightness levels
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| Subject contrast demonstrates | the degree of differential absorption from different body structures (atomic number, atomic density, part thickness)
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| ____ is the controlling factor for contrast | kVp
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| Histogram peaks and valleys represent | the subject contrast in the remnant radiation
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| Quantum mottle | amount of exposure (photons) reaching the IR is TOO LOW
**re-exposure is necessary**
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| On CXR, if angled too cephalically | clavicles are projected UP (<1" above apices)
lordotic view
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| On CXR, if angled too caudally | clavicles are projected DOWN (>1" above apices)
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| This view is good to see a boxer's fx of the 5th MC | PA Oblique Hand
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| On a lateral hand | 2nd - 5th MC heads superimposed; do NOT care about radius & ulna superimposition
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| Name the bones of the wrist | (L to R bottom row, then L to R top row)
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
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| AP Elbow | 1/8th of radius and ulna are superimposed
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| AP Internal Oblique Elbow | MORE superimposition of radius and ulna
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| AP External Oblique Elbow | "EXES" radius and ulna are separated
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| AP Humerus epicondyles | PARALLEL to IR
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| Lateral Humerus epicondyles | PERPINDICULAR to IR
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| Thin (asthenic) pts get ____ angle on AP Axial Clavicle | 25-30 degrees
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| Large (hypersthenic) pts get ____ angle on the AP Axial Clavicle | 15-20 degrees
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| Lateral rotation of oblique foot ______ superimposition of metatarsal bases | increases
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| Medial rotation of oblique foot _____ superimposition of metatarsal bases | decreases
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| AP Ankle | Medial mortise is open & tibia covers 1/2 of distal fibula
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| AP Knee | Tibia covers 1/2 of proximal fibula
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| If your AP Knee shows the fibula popped out laterally then there was | too much internal rotation
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| If your AP Knee shows MORE superimposition of the fibula and tibia then there was | too much external rotation
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| AP Axial SI Joints angle | 30 degrees cephalic for MALES and 35 degrees cephalic for FEMALES
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| AP Oblique SI Joints position | roll 25-30 degrees posterior oblique
center 1" medial to upside ASIS
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| More lordotic curvature of C-spine = | MORE cephalic angle needed (like 20 degrees)
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| Lumbar AP Oblique Average ___ rotation | 45 degrees
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| Lumbar AP Oblique L1L2 ____ rotation | 50 degrees
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| Lumbar AP Oblique L5 ____ rotation | 30 degrees
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| In a good lumbar oblique, the pedicle should be | midway between the midline and lateral border of the vertebral body
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| Insufficient oblique lumbar, the pedicle is | closer to the LATERAL of the vertebral body
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| Excessive oblique lumbar, the pedicle is | closer to the MIDLINE border of the vertebral body
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| PA Oblique Sternum position is | 15-20 degree RAO w/ orthostatic breathing
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| True Ribs: False Ribs: Floating Ribs: | 1-7
8-12
11 & 12
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| Anterior rib pain | PA position (PAA) - LAO/RAO
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| Posterior rib pain | AP position (APP) LPO/RPO
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| AP Lower Leg (tib/fib) | Tibia covers 1/4 fibular head & 1/2 distal fibula
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| Lateral Lower Leg | Tibia covers 1/2 fibular head
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| Lateral Sacrum/Coccyx CR to | 3-4 in posterior to ASIS
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| Lateral Coccyx CR to | 3-4 in posterior to ASIS and 2 in distal
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| For the Towne Method the dorsum sellae is | centered WITHIN the foramen magnum
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| WATERS: | MML perpendicular to IR; OML forms 37 degree angle with IR; PR BELOW Maxillary sinus
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| MODIFIED WATERS: | LML perpendicular to IR; OML forms a 55 degree angle with IR; PR in lower 1/3 of maxillary sinus
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| SMV | IOML is parallel to IR & CR 1.5" inferior to mandibular symphysis
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