Quarter 2 - Mitosis, DNA & Protein Synthesis & Meiosis
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| Anaphase | A stage in cell division where chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.
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| Cancer | Uncontrolled cell growth that can lead to tumors and spread through the body.
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| Carcinogen | A substance that can cause cancer by damaging DNA.
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| Cell Cycle | The life cycle of a cell, including growth, DNA replication, and division.
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| Cell Plate | A structure that forms in plant cells during cell division to help separate the two new cells.
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| Centromere | The part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids and where spindle fibers attach.
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| Centrosome | An organelle that organizes spindle fibers for chromosome movement during cell division.
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| Checkpoint | Points in the cell cycle where the cell checks if it's ready to proceed to the next stage.
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| Chromosome | A structure made of DNA that contains genes, found in the nucleus of cells.
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| Cleavage Furrow | A groove that forms as animal cells divide, helping to split the cell into two.
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| Cytokinesis | The process where the cytoplasm divides, creating two new cells.
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| Cytoplasm | The fluid inside a cell that surrounds organelles.
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| Daughter Cell | The new cells formed after cell division.
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| Differential Gene Expression | The process by which cells express different sets of genes to become specialized.
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| Differentiation | The process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.
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| Diploid | A cell with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
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| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | The molecule that contains genetic instructions for life.
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| Egg Cell | A female reproductive cell that can be fertilized by a sperm cell.
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| Embryo | An early stage of development after fertilization.
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| Fertilize | The process of a sperm cell joining with an egg cell to form a new organism.
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| Gap 1 (G1) | A phase in the cell cycle where the cell grows and carries out normal functions.
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| Gap 2 (G2) | A phase in the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division.
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| Gene | A section of DNA that provides instructions for making a protein.
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| Genome | The complete set of genetic material in an organism.
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| Growth | An increase in cell size or number, leading to organismal development.
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| Haploid | A cell with one set of chromosomes, like sperm and egg cells.
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| Interphase | The part of the cell cycle when the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for division.
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| Maintenance | The processes cells perform to stay healthy and functional.
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| Metaphase | A stage in cell division where chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
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| Mitosis | A type of cell division that creates two identical cells from one parent cell.
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| Mitotic Phase (M) | The phase in the cell cycle when the cell divides its nucleus and cytoplasm.
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| Multicellular | An organism made of multiple cells.
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| Nucleus | The cell structure that holds DNA.
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| Parent Cell | The original cell that divides to form two new cells.
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| Prophase | A stage in cell division where chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane breaks down.
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| Protein | Molecules made of amino acids that perform many functions in cells.
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| Replication | The process of copying DNA so each new cell has a complete set.
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| Sister Chromatid | Each half of a duplicated chromosome, which separates during cell division.
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| Somatic Cell | Any cell in the body that is not a sperm or egg cell.
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| Sperm Cell | A male reproductive cell that can fertilize an egg cell.
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| Spindle Fibers | Structures that help separate chromosomes during cell division.
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| Stem Cell | A cell that can develop into different cell types.
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| Synthesis Phase (S) | The phase in the cell cycle where DNA is replicated.
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| Telophase | The final stage of cell division where two new nuclei form.
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| Tumor (Benign and Malignant) | A mass of cells; benign tumors don’t spread, while malignant tumors can spread.
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| Unicellular | An organism made of only one cell.
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| Adenine | A base in DNA and RNA that pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA.
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| Amino Acid | The building blocks of proteins, like the pieces of a puzzle.
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| Anticodon | A set of three bases on tRNA that matches with a codon on mRNA during protein synthesis.
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| Base | The parts of DNA and RNA that hold the genetic code (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil).
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| Cell | The smallest unit of life that makes up all living things.
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| Chromosome | A structure made of DNA that contains genes, found in the nucleus of cells.
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| Codon | A group of three bases on mRNA that codes for one amino acid.
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| Cytoplasm | The jelly-like fluid inside a cell where cell processes happen.
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| Cytosine | A base in DNA and RNA that pairs with guanine.
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| Deoxyribose | The sugar found in DNA molecules.
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| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | The molecule that carries genetic instructions for life.
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth & Rough) | Cell structures where materials are made; rough ER has ribosomes, and smooth ER does not.
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| Gene | A section of DNA that contains instructions to make a protein.
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| Golgi Apparatus | A cell structure that packages and ships proteins and other materials.
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| Guanine | A base in DNA and RNA that pairs with cytosine.
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| Hydrogen Bond | A weak bond between bases in DNA that holds the strands together.
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| mRNA (Messenger RNA) | A molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein making.
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| Mutation | A change in the DNA sequence that can alter how a gene works.
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| Nuclear Membrane | A barrier around the nucleus that protects the DNA inside.
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| Nucleic Acid | Molecules like DNA and RNA that store and transfer genetic information.
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| Nucleotide | The building blocks of DNA and RNA, made of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.
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| Nucleus | The part of a cell where DNA is stored and protected.
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| Peptide Bond | The link between amino acids in a protein.
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| Phosphate | A part of DNA and RNA that helps form their structure.
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| Polypeptide | A chain of amino acids that becomes a protein.
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| Protein Synthesis | The process of making proteins in cells using DNA instructions.
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| Ribose | The sugar found in RNA molecules.
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| Ribosome | The part of a cell where proteins are made.
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| RNA | A molecule that helps make proteins using the instructions in DNA.
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| rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) | A type of RNA that makes up ribosomes.
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| Start Codon | The codon (AUG) that signals where protein synthesis begins.
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| Stop Codon | A codon that signals the end of protein synthesis.
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| Thymine | A base in DNA that pairs with adenine (replaced by uracil in RNA).
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| Transcription | The process of copying DNA into mRNA.
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| Translation | The process of making proteins from mRNA at a ribosome.
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| tRNA (Transfer RNA) | A molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
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| Uracil | A base in RNA that pairs with adenine (replaces thymine from DNA).
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| Vesicle | A small bubble in cells that transports materials.
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| Allele | alternate forms of a gene, like blue or black eye colors.
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| Cellular Division | When a cell splits to form new cells.
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| Centromere | The part of a chromosome that holds two chromatids together.
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| Chromatid | One half of a duplicated chromosome.
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| Chromosome | A structure made of DNA that contains genes.
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| Codon | A group of three RNA bases that codes for one amino acid (found on a chart for decoding).
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| Crossing Over | When chromosomes exchange pieces during meiosis to create genetic diversity.
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| Daughter Cell | A new cell made from cell division.
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| Deletion | A mutation where part of the DNA is missing.
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| Diploid | A cell with two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
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| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | The molecule that stores genetic instructions.
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| Egg Cell | A female reproductive cell.
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| Epigenetic | Changes in the genes that are expressed in a cell which alters the functionality of a cell.
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| Fertilization | When a sperm cell joins with an egg cell to form a zygote.
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| Frameshift | A mutation that shifts the way DNA is read by adding or deleting bases.
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| Gamete | A reproductive cell (sperm or egg).
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| Gene | A section of DNA that contains instructions to make a protein.
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| Gene Expression | The process of using a gene to make a protein.
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| Gene Mutation | A change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
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| Genetic Code | The set of rules used to translate DNA or RNA into proteins.
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| Genetic Variation | The differences in genes between individuals that make everyone unique.
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| Genome | The complete set of DNA in an organism.
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| Haploid | A cell with one set of chromosomes, like gametes.
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| Homologous Chromosome | A pair of chromosomes, one from each parent , that have the same genes.
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| Independent Assortment | The random way chromosomes are distributed during meiosis, creating genetic diversity.
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| Inherited | Traits or genes passed down from parents to offspring.
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| Insertion | A mutation where extra DNA is added.
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| Meiosis | A special kind of cell division that makes gametes with half the usual number of chromosomes.
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| Meiosis I | The first stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate.
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| Meiosis II | The second stage of meiosis where sister chromatids separate.
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| Monosomy | When a cell has only one chromosome instead of a pair.
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| Multicellular | An organism made of many cells.
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| Mutagen | Something that causes mutations, like radiation or chemicals.
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| Mutation | A change in the DNA sequence.
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| Nondisjunction | A mistake in meiosis where chromosomes don’t separate properly causing missing or extra chromosomes in the egg or sperm.
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| Offspring | The "children" of a parent organism.
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| Parent | An organism that produces offspring.
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| Parent Cell | The original cell before it divides.
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| Point Mutation | A mutation where one DNA base is changed.
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| Replication | The process of copying DNA.
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| Sexual Reproduction | The process of combining sperm and egg cells to create offspring.
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| Somatic Cell | Any body cell that is not a sperm or egg cell.
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| Sperm Cell | A male reproductive cell.
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| Substitution | A mutation where one DNA base is replaced with another.
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| Trait | A characteristic, like eye color, determined by genes.
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| Trisomy | When a cell has three copies of a chromosome instead of two.
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