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Anaphase
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Q2 - Mitos/DNA/Meios

Quarter 2 - Mitosis, DNA & Protein Synthesis & Meiosis

TermDefinition
Anaphase A stage in cell division where chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.
Cancer Uncontrolled cell growth that can lead to tumors and spread through the body.
Carcinogen A substance that can cause cancer by damaging DNA.
Cell Cycle The life cycle of a cell, including growth, DNA replication, and division.
Cell Plate A structure that forms in plant cells during cell division to help separate the two new cells.
Centromere The part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids and where spindle fibers attach.
Centrosome An organelle that organizes spindle fibers for chromosome movement during cell division.
Checkpoint Points in the cell cycle where the cell checks if it's ready to proceed to the next stage.
Chromosome A structure made of DNA that contains genes, found in the nucleus of cells.
Cleavage Furrow A groove that forms as animal cells divide, helping to split the cell into two.
Cytokinesis The process where the cytoplasm divides, creating two new cells.
Cytoplasm The fluid inside a cell that surrounds organelles.
Daughter Cell The new cells formed after cell division.
Differential Gene Expression The process by which cells express different sets of genes to become specialized.
Differentiation The process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.
Diploid A cell with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) The molecule that contains genetic instructions for life.
Egg Cell A female reproductive cell that can be fertilized by a sperm cell.
Embryo An early stage of development after fertilization.
Fertilize The process of a sperm cell joining with an egg cell to form a new organism.
Gap 1 (G1) A phase in the cell cycle where the cell grows and carries out normal functions.
Gap 2 (G2) A phase in the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division.
Gene A section of DNA that provides instructions for making a protein.
Genome The complete set of genetic material in an organism.
Growth An increase in cell size or number, leading to organismal development.
Haploid A cell with one set of chromosomes, like sperm and egg cells.
Interphase The part of the cell cycle when the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for division.
Maintenance The processes cells perform to stay healthy and functional.
Metaphase A stage in cell division where chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
Mitosis A type of cell division that creates two identical cells from one parent cell.
Mitotic Phase (M) The phase in the cell cycle when the cell divides its nucleus and cytoplasm.
Multicellular An organism made of multiple cells.
Nucleus The cell structure that holds DNA.
Parent Cell The original cell that divides to form two new cells.
Prophase A stage in cell division where chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane breaks down.
Protein Molecules made of amino acids that perform many functions in cells.
Replication The process of copying DNA so each new cell has a complete set.
Sister Chromatid Each half of a duplicated chromosome, which separates during cell division.
Somatic Cell Any cell in the body that is not a sperm or egg cell.
Sperm Cell A male reproductive cell that can fertilize an egg cell.
Spindle Fibers Structures that help separate chromosomes during cell division.
Stem Cell A cell that can develop into different cell types.
Synthesis Phase (S) The phase in the cell cycle where DNA is replicated.
Telophase The final stage of cell division where two new nuclei form.
Tumor (Benign and Malignant) A mass of cells; benign tumors don’t spread, while malignant tumors can spread.
Unicellular An organism made of only one cell.
Adenine A base in DNA and RNA that pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA.
Amino Acid The building blocks of proteins, like the pieces of a puzzle.
Anticodon A set of three bases on tRNA that matches with a codon on mRNA during protein synthesis.
Base The parts of DNA and RNA that hold the genetic code (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil).
Cell The smallest unit of life that makes up all living things.
Chromosome A structure made of DNA that contains genes, found in the nucleus of cells.
Codon A group of three bases on mRNA that codes for one amino acid.
Cytoplasm The jelly-like fluid inside a cell where cell processes happen.
Cytosine A base in DNA and RNA that pairs with guanine.
Deoxyribose The sugar found in DNA molecules.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) The molecule that carries genetic instructions for life.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth & Rough) Cell structures where materials are made; rough ER has ribosomes, and smooth ER does not.
Gene A section of DNA that contains instructions to make a protein.
Golgi Apparatus A cell structure that packages and ships proteins and other materials.
Guanine A base in DNA and RNA that pairs with cytosine.
Hydrogen Bond A weak bond between bases in DNA that holds the strands together.
mRNA (Messenger RNA) A molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein making.
Mutation A change in the DNA sequence that can alter how a gene works.
Nuclear Membrane A barrier around the nucleus that protects the DNA inside.
Nucleic Acid Molecules like DNA and RNA that store and transfer genetic information.
Nucleotide The building blocks of DNA and RNA, made of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.
Nucleus The part of a cell where DNA is stored and protected.
Peptide Bond The link between amino acids in a protein.
Phosphate A part of DNA and RNA that helps form their structure.
Polypeptide A chain of amino acids that becomes a protein.
Protein Synthesis The process of making proteins in cells using DNA instructions.
Ribose The sugar found in RNA molecules.
Ribosome The part of a cell where proteins are made.
RNA A molecule that helps make proteins using the instructions in DNA.
rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) A type of RNA that makes up ribosomes.
Start Codon The codon (AUG) that signals where protein synthesis begins.
Stop Codon A codon that signals the end of protein synthesis.
Thymine A base in DNA that pairs with adenine (replaced by uracil in RNA).
Transcription The process of copying DNA into mRNA.
Translation The process of making proteins from mRNA at a ribosome.
tRNA (Transfer RNA) A molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
Uracil A base in RNA that pairs with adenine (replaces thymine from DNA).
Vesicle A small bubble in cells that transports materials.
Allele alternate forms of a gene, like blue or black eye colors.
Cellular Division When a cell splits to form new cells.
Centromere The part of a chromosome that holds two chromatids together.
Chromatid One half of a duplicated chromosome.
Chromosome A structure made of DNA that contains genes.
Codon A group of three RNA bases that codes for one amino acid (found on a chart for decoding).
Crossing Over When chromosomes exchange pieces during meiosis to create genetic diversity.
Daughter Cell A new cell made from cell division.
Deletion A mutation where part of the DNA is missing.
Diploid A cell with two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) The molecule that stores genetic instructions.
Egg Cell A female reproductive cell.
Epigenetic Changes in the genes that are expressed in a cell which alters the functionality of a cell.
Fertilization When a sperm cell joins with an egg cell to form a zygote.
Frameshift A mutation that shifts the way DNA is read by adding or deleting bases.
Gamete A reproductive cell (sperm or egg).
Gene A section of DNA that contains instructions to make a protein.
Gene Expression The process of using a gene to make a protein.
Gene Mutation A change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
Genetic Code The set of rules used to translate DNA or RNA into proteins.
Genetic Variation The differences in genes between individuals that make everyone unique.
Genome The complete set of DNA in an organism.
Haploid A cell with one set of chromosomes, like gametes.
Homologous Chromosome A pair of chromosomes, one from each parent , that have the same genes.
Independent Assortment The random way chromosomes are distributed during meiosis, creating genetic diversity.
Inherited Traits or genes passed down from parents to offspring.
Insertion A mutation where extra DNA is added.
Meiosis A special kind of cell division that makes gametes with half the usual number of chromosomes.
Meiosis I The first stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate.
Meiosis II The second stage of meiosis where sister chromatids separate.
Monosomy When a cell has only one chromosome instead of a pair.
Multicellular An organism made of many cells.
Mutagen Something that causes mutations, like radiation or chemicals.
Mutation A change in the DNA sequence.
Nondisjunction A mistake in meiosis where chromosomes don’t separate properly causing missing or extra chromosomes in the egg or sperm.
Offspring The "children" of a parent organism.
Parent An organism that produces offspring.
Parent Cell The original cell before it divides.
Point Mutation A mutation where one DNA base is changed.
Replication The process of copying DNA.
Sexual Reproduction The process of combining sperm and egg cells to create offspring.
Somatic Cell Any body cell that is not a sperm or egg cell.
Sperm Cell A male reproductive cell.
Substitution A mutation where one DNA base is replaced with another.
Trait A characteristic, like eye color, determined by genes.
Trisomy When a cell has three copies of a chromosome instead of two.
Created by: brookebiery
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