N128 Ch 1 to ch 10
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| Consumer | one who actively uses and applies research findings in nursing practice
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| Critique | the process of objectively and critically evaluating a research report's content for scientific merit and application to practice, theory, or education
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| Evidence-based practice | the conscious and judicious use of the current best evidence in the care of patients and delivery of health care services
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| Generalizability | the inferences that the data are representative of similar phenomena in a population beyond the studied sample
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| Research | the systematic, logical, and empirical inquiry into the possible relationships among particular phenomena to produce verifiable knowledge
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| Theory | set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena for the purpose of explaining and making predictions about those phenomena
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| Assumptions | a basic principle assumed to be true without the need for scientific proof
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| Abstract | a brief, comprehensive summary of a study
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| Critical reading | an active interpretation and objective assessment of an article during which the reader is looking for key concepts, ideas, and justifications
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| Critical thinking | the rational examination of ideas, inferences, principles, and conclusions
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| Critiquing criteria | the criteria used for objectively and critically evaluating a research article
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| Levels of evidence | Table 2-3 on pg. 38
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| Qualitative research | the study of research questions about human experiences. It is often conducted in natural settings, and uses data that are words or text rather than numerical in order to describe the experiences that are being studied
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| Quantitative research | the process of testing relationships, differences, and cause and effect interactions among and between variables. These processes are tested with either hypotheses and/or research questions
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| Conceptual definitions- | general meaning of a concept
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| Dependent variable | in experimental studies, the presumed effect of the independent or experimental variable on the outcome
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| Directional hypothesis | hypothesis that specifies the expected direction of the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variables
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| Hypothesis | a prediction about the relationship between two or more variables
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| Independent variable | the antecedent or the variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable
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| Nondirectional hypothesis | one that indicates the existence of a relationship between the variables but does not specify the anticipated direction of the relationship
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| Operational definitions | the measurements used to observe or measure a variable; delineates the procedures or operations required to measure a concept
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| Population | a well-defined set that has certain specified properties
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| Purpose | encompasses the aims or goals of the researcher and his or her study
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| Research hypothesis | a statement about the expected relationship between variables; also known as the scientific hypothesis
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| Research question | a key preliminary step wherein the foundation for a study is developed from the research problem and results in a research hypothesis
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| Statistical hypothesis | states that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The statistical hypothesis also is known as the null hypothesis
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| Testability | variables of a proposed study and how they lend themselves to observation, measurement, and analysis
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| Theory | set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena for the purpose of explaining and making predictions about those phenomena
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| Variables | something that varies (in back of book it is says "a defined concept")
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| Computer databases | print database that is put on software programs that can be accessed online or on CD-ROM via the computer
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| Conceptual literature | published and unpublished non-data-based material, such as reports of theories, concepts, synthesis of research on concepts, or professional issues, some of which underlie reported research, as well as other non-research material
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| Cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature (CINAHL) | a print or computerized database; computerized CINAHL is available online or on CD-ROM
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| CINAHL | Cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature
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| Data-based literature | reports of completed research
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| Electronic database | the electronic means by which journal sources of data-based and conceptual articles on a variety of topics are found, as well as the publications of professional organizations and various governmental agencies
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| Empirical literature | a synonym for data-based literature
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| Integrative review | synthesis review of the literature on a specific concept or topic
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| Internet | the global electronic network that links a cadre of participating networks
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| Literature | print and nonprint sources such as books, chapters of books, journal articles, critique reviews, abstracts, professional and governmental reports, and unpublished doctoral dissertations
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| MEDLINE | the print or computerized database of standard medical literature analysis and retrieval system online; it is also available on CD-ROM
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| Meta-analysis | a research method that takes the results of multiple studies in a specific area and synthesizes the findings to make conclusions regarding the area of focus
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| Primary source | scholarly literature that is written by persons who developed the theory or conducted the research; include eyewitness accounts of historic events, provided by original documents, films, letters, diaries, records, artifacts, periodicals, or tapes
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| Print databases | indexes, card catalogues, and abstract reviews; are used to find journal sources of data-based and conceptual articles on a variety of topics as well as publications of professional organizations and various governmental agencies
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| Print indexes | see print database
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| Qualitative research | the study of research questions about human experiences; it is often conducted in natural settings and uses data that are words or text rather than numerical in order to describe the experiences being studied
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| Qualitative systematic review | does not use statistical methods to combine findings
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| Quantitative systematic review or meta-analysis | employ statistical methods to combine the findings
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| Quantitative research | the process of testing relationships, differences, and cause and effect interactions among and between variables; these processes are tested with either hypothesis and or research questions
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| Refereed, or peer-reviewed, journals | a scholarly journal that has a panel of external and internal reviewers or editors; the panel reviews submitted manuscripts for possible publications; review panels use the same set of scholarly criteria to judge if the manuscripts are worthy of publicati
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| Research literature | a synonym for data-based literature
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| Review of the literature | an extensive, systematic, and critical review of the most important published scholarly literature on a particular topic; in most cases it is not considered exhaustive
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| Scholarly literature | refers to published and unpublished data-based and conceptual literature materials found in print and nonprint forms
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| Scientific literature | a synonym for data-based literature
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| Secondary source | scholarly material written by persons other than the individual who developed the theory or conducted the research; most are usually published; often a secondary source represents a response to or a summary and critique of theorist's or researcher's work;
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| Systematic reviews | rocess where investigators find all relevant studies, published and unpublished on the topic or question at least two members of the review team independently assess the quality of each study, include or exclude studies based on pre-established criteria,
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| Theoretical literature | a synonym for conceptual literature
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| Web browser | software program used to connect or read the world wide web
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| World wide web (www) | a conceptual group of servers on the internet; the web is multiple hypertext linked together in an internet network that criss-crosses the whole internet like a spider web
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| Concept | an image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea
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| Conceptual definition | general meaning of a concept
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| Conceptual framework | a structure of concepts and/or theories pulled together as a map for the study
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| Deductive reasoning | a logical thought process in which hypotheses are derived from theory; reasoning moves from the general to the particular
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| Empirical | the obtaining of evidence or objective data
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| Grand theory | all-inclusive conceptual structures that tend to include views on person, health, and environment to create a perspective of nursing
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| Hypothesis | a prediction about the relationship between two or more variables
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| Inductive reasoning | a logical thought process in which generalizations are developed from specific observations; reasoning moves from particular to general
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| Microrange theory | the linking of concrete concepts into a statement that can be examined in practice and research
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| Midrange theory | a focused conceptual structure that synthesizes practice-research into ideas central to the discipline
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| Model | a symbolic representation of a set of concepts that is created to depict relationships
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| Operational definition | the measurements used to observe or measure a variable; delineates the procedures or operations required to measure a concept
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| Theoretical framework | theoretical rationale for the development of hypotheses
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| Theory | set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena for the purpose of explaining and making predictions about those phenomena
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| Case studies | the study of a selected phenomenon that provides an in-depth description of its dimensions and processes
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| Context | environment where events occur
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| Empirical analytical | a general label for quantitative research approaches that test hypotheses
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| Epistemology | the theory of knowledge; the branch of philosophy that concerns how people know what they know
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| Ethnographic research | a qualitative research approach designed to produce cultural theory
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| Ethnographic method | a method that scientifically describes cultural groups; goal of the ethnographer is to understand the natives' view of their world
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| Grounded theory | theory that is constructed inductively from a base of observations of the world as it is lived by a selected group of people
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| Naturalistic research | a general label for qualitative research methods that involve the researcher going to a natural setting, that is to where the phenomenon being studied is taking place
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| Ontology | the study of being, of existence, and its relationship to nonexistence
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| Paradigm | from the Greek word meaning "pattern"; it has been applied to science to describe the way people in society think about the world
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| Phenomenological research | based on phenomenological philosophy and is research aimed at obtaining a description of an experience as it is lived in order to understand the meaning of that experience for those who have it
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| Philosophical beliefs | the system of motivating values, concepts, principles, and the nature of human knowledge of an individual, group, or culture
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| Qualitative research | he study of research questions about human experiences; often conducted in natural settings, and uses data that are words or text rather than numerical in order to describe the experiences that are being studied
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| Text | data in a contextual form, that is, narrative or words that are written or transcribed
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| Triangulation | the expansion of research methods in a single study or multiple studies to enhance diversity, enrich understanding, and accomplish specific goals
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| Worldview | another label for paradigm; the way people in society think about the world
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| Auditability | the researcher's development of the research process in a qualitative study that allows a researcher or reader to follow the thinking or conclusions of the researcher
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| Bracketing | a processing during which the researcher identifies personal biases about the phenomenon of interest to clarify how personal experience and beliefs may color what is heard and reported
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| Case study method | the study of a selected contemporary phenomenon over time to provide an in-depth description of essential dimensions and processes of the phenomenon
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| Community-based participatory research | qualitative research method that systematically accesses the voice of a community to plan context-appropriate action
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| Constant comparative method | a process of continuously comparing data as they are acquired during research with the grounded theory method
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| Credibility | steps in qualitative research to ensure accuracy, validity, or soundness of data
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| Culture | the system of knowledge and linguistic expressions used by social groups that allows the researcher to interpret or make sense of the world
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| Data saturation | point when data collection ca cease; it occurs when the information being shared with the researcher becomes repetitive; ideas conveyed by the participant have been shared before by other participants; inclusion of additional participants does not result
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| Domains | symbolic categories that include the smaller categories of an ethnographic study
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| Emic view | the natives' or insiders' view of the world
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| Ethnographic method | a method that scientifically describes cultural groups; the goal of the ethnographer is to understand the natives' view of their world
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| Etic view | an outsiders' view of another's world
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| Evidence | See 38, level of evidence
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| External criticism | a process used to judge the authenticity of historical data
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| Fittingness | answers the questions: are the findings applicable outside the study situation? Are the results meaningful to the individuals not involved in the research?
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| Grounded theory method | an inductive approach that uses a systematic set of procedures to arrive at theory about basic social processes
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| Historical research method | the systematic compilation of data resulting from evaluation and interpretation of facts regarding people, events, and occurrences of the past
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| instrumental case study | research that is done when the researcher pursues insight into an issue or wants to challenge a generalization
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| Internal criticism | a process of judging the reliability or consistency of information within a historical document
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| Intrinsic case study | research that is undertaken to have a better understanding of the essential nature of the case
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| Key informants | individuals who have special knowledge, status, or communication skills who are willing to teach the ethnographer about the phenomenon
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| Life context | the matrix of human-human-environment relationships emerging over the course of one's life
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| Lived experience | in phenomenological research a term used to refer to the focus on living through events and circumstances (prelingual) rather than thinking about these events and circumstances (conceptualized experience)
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| Metasynthesis | integrates qualitative research findings on a topic and is based on comparative analysis and interpretative synthesis
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| Phenomenological method | a process of learning and constructing the meaning of human experience through intensive dialogue with persons who are living the experience
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| Primary sources | scholarly literature that is written by persons who developed the theory or conducted the research; primary sources include eyewitness accounts of historic events, provided by original documents, films, letters, diaries, records, artifacts, periodicals, o
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| Qualitative research | the study of research questions about human experiences; it is often conducted in natural settings, and uses data that are words or text rather than numerical in order to describe the experiences that are being studied
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| Secondary sources | scholarly material written by persons other than the individual who developed the theory or conducted the research; most are usually published; often represent a response to or a summary and critique of a theorist's or researcher's work; examples are docu
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| Theoretical sampling | used to select experiences that will help the researcher test ideas and gather complete information about developing concepts when using the grounded theory method
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| Triangulation | the expansion of research methods in a single study or multiple studies to enhance the diversity, enrich understanding, and accomplish specific goals
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| Auditability | the researcher's development of the research process in a qualitative study that allows a researcher or reader to follow the thinking or conclusions of the researcher
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| Credibility | steps in qualitative research to ensure accuracy, validity, or soundness of data
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| Fittingness | answers the questions: are the findings applicable outside the study situation? Are the results meaningful to the individuals not involved in the research?
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| Saturation | a point when data collection can cease; it occurs when the info being shared with the researcher becomes repetitive; ideas conveyed by the participant have been shared before by other participants; inclusion of additional participants does not result in n
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| Theoretical sampling | used to select experiences that will help the researcher test ideas and gather complete information about developing concepts when using the grounded theory method
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| Transferability | is there enough detail here for me to evaluate the relevance and importance of these data for my own practice or for use in research or theory development?
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| Trustworthiness | rigor of the research in a qualitative research study
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| Constancy | methods and procedures of data are the same for all subjects
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| Control | measures used to hold uniform or constant the conditions under which an investigation occurs
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| Control group | the group in an experimental investigation that does not receive an intervention or treatment; the comparison group
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| Dependent variable | in experimental studies, the presumed effect of the independent or experimental variable on the outcome
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| Experimental group | the group in an experimental investigation that receives an intervention or treatment
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| External validity | the degree to which findings of a study can be generalized to other populations or environments
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| Extraneous or mediating variable | variable that interferes with the operations of the phenomena being studied
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| History | the internal validity threat that refers to events outside of the experimental setting that may affect the dependent variable
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| Homogeneity | similarity of conditions; also called internal consistency
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| Independent variable | the antecedent or the variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable
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| Instrumentation | changes in the measurement of the variables that may account for changes in the obtained measurement
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| Internal validity | the degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment, rather than an uncontrolled condition, resulted in the observed effects
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| Intervening variable | a variable that occurs during an experimental or quasiexperimental study that affects the dependent variable
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| Intervention fidelity | adherence and competent delivery of an intervention as detailed in a research proposal
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| Maturation | developmental, biological, or psychological processes that operate within an individual as a function of time and are external to the events of the investigation
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| Measurement effects | administration of a pretest in a study that affects the generalizability of the findings to other populations
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| Mortality | the loss of subjects from time 1 data collection to time 2 data collection
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| Pilot study | a small, simple study conducted as a prelude to a larger-scale study that is often called the parent study
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| Randomization | a sampling selection procedure in which each person or element in a population has an equal chance of being selected to either the experimental group or the control group
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| Reactivity | the distortion created when those who are being observed change their behavior because they know that they are being observed
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| Selection | the generalizability of the results to other populations
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| Selection bias | the internal validity threat that arises when pretreatment differences between the experimental group and the control group are present
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| A priori | from Latin: the former; before the study or analysis
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| After-only design | an experimental design with two randomly assigned groups- a treatment group and a control group; this design differs from the true experiment in that both groups are measured only after the experimental treatment
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| After-only nonequivalent control group design | a quasiexperimental design similar to the after-only, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the treatment or the control groups
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| Antecedent variable | a variable that affects the dependent variable but occurs before the introduction of the independent variable
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| Control | measures used to hold uniform or constant the conditions under which an investigation occurs
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| Dependent variable | the presumed effect of the independent variable on the outcome
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| Design | the plan or blueprint for conduct of a study
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| Evaluation research | the use of scientific research methods and procedures to evaluate a program, treatment, practice, or policy outcomes; analytical means are used to document the worth of an activity
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| Experiment | a scientific investigation in which observations are made and data are collected by means of the characteristics of control, randomization, and manipulation
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| Experimental design | a research design that has the following properties: randomization, control, and manipulation
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| Independent variable | the antecedent or the variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable
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| Intervening variable | a variable that occurs during an experimental or quasiexperimental study that affects the dependent variable
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| Manipulation | the provision of some experimental treatment, in one or varying degrees, to some of the subjects in the study
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| Mortality | the loss of subjects from time 1 data collection to time 2 data collection
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| Nonequivalent control group design | a quasiexperimental design that is similar to the true experiment, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups
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| One group (pretest-posttest) design | pg 231. Used by researchers when only one group is available for study.Data are collected before and after an experimental treatment on one group of subjects
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| Quasiexperiemental design | a study design in which random assignment is not used but the independent variable is manipulated and certain mechanisms of control are used
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| Randomization | a sampling selection procedure in which each person or element in a population has an equal chance of being selected to either the experimental group or the control group
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| Solomon four-group design | an experimental design with four randomly assigned groups- the pretest-posttest intervention group, the pp control group, a treatment or intervention group with only posttest measurement, and a control group with only posttest measurement
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| Testing | the effects of taking a pretest on the scores of a posttest
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| Time series design | a quasiexperimental design used to determine trends before and after an experimental treatment; measurements are taken several times before the introduction of the experimental treatment, the treatment is introduced, and measurements are taken again at sp
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| True or classic experiment- | also known as the pretest-posttest control group design- subjects are randomly assigned to an experimental or control group, pretest measurements are performed, an intervention or treatment occurs in the experimental group, and posttest measurements are p
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