Key Terms
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| Abdominal Paradox | abnormal breathing pattern seen as a sinking inward motion of the abdomen with each inspiratory effort; a sign of diaphragm fatigue.
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| adventitious lung sounds (ALS) | abnormal lung sounds superimposed on the basic underlying breath sounds.
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| angina pectoris | paroxysmal attack of severe chest pain associated with coronary insufficiency; commonly radiates from the heart to the shoulders and arms.
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| barrel chest | abnormal increase in the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest due to hyperinflation of the lungs.
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| bradycardia | abnormally decreased heart rate.
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| bradypnea | abnormal decrease in breathing rate.
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| bronchophony | abnormal voice sounds heard over lung consolidation.
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| clubbing | bulbous swelling of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, often associated with certain lung disease.
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| cough | forceful expiratory effort designed to expel mucus and other foreign material from the upper airway.
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| crackles | discontinuous type of adventitious lung sound.
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| cyanosis | abnormal bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes.
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| diaphoresis | secretion of sweat, especially the profuse secretion associated with an elevated body temperature, physical exertion, exposure to heat, and mental or emotional stress.
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| diastolic pressure | baseline blood pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation.
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| dyspnea | difficult or labored breathing as perceived by the patient.
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| febrile | to have a fever.
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| fetid | foul smelling.
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| fever | abnormal elevation of body temperature due to disease.
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| gallop rhythm | abnormal heart sound that resembles the gallop of a horse caused by addition of an S3 and/or S4; most often indicates heart failure.
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| heave | abnormal pulsation felt over the percordium; often due to ventricular hypertrophy.
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| hematemesis | vomiting blood.
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| hemoptysis | coughing up blood from the respiratory tract.
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| hepatomegaly | Enlargement of the liver.
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| hypertension | Persistently high arterial blood pressure.
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| hypotension | abnormal condition in which the blood pressure is not adequate for normal perfusion and oxygenation of the tissues.
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| hypothermia | Lower than normal body temperature.
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| jugular venous distention | abnormal distention of the jugular veins; most often due to heart failure.
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| Kussmaul respiration | hyperpnea associated with diabetic ketoacidosis.
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| Kussmaul’s sign | increased jugular venous pressure during inspiration.
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| loud P2 | abnormally loud closure of the pulmonic valve as part of the second heart sound; usually due to pulmonary hypertension.
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| lymphadenopathy | of or pertaining to a disease of the lymph nodes; refers also to the visualization of enlarged lymph nodes on radiographs.
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| mucoid | resembling mucus.
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| murmurs | abnormal heart sound created by turbulent blood flow through a narrowed or incompetent heart valve.
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| orthodeoxia | decrease in PaO2 due to changes in position.
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| orthopnea | labored breathing in the reclining position.
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| pedal edema | swelling of the ankles usually due to heart failure.
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| phlegm | mucus from the tracheobronchial tree.
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| platypnea | opposite of orthopnea; that is , an abnormal condition characterized by difficult breathing in the standing position, which is relieved in the lying or recumbent position
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| pneumothorax | presence of air or gas in the pleural space of the thorax; if this air or gas is trapped under pressure, a tension pneumothorax exists.
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| pulse deficit | discrepancy between the ventricular rate auscultated a the apex of the heart and the arterial rate of the radial pulse.
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| pulse pressure | difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.
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| pulsus alternans | alternating between strong and weak heart beats.
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| pulsus paradoxus | abnormal decrease in pulse pressure with each inspiratory effort.
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| purulent | consisting of or containing pus.
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| respiratory alternans | alternating between use of eh diaphragm for short periods and use of eh accessory muscles to breathe. It is indicative of end-stage respiratory muscle fatigue.
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| retractions | sinking inward of the skin around the chest cage with each inspiratory effort.
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| sputum | mucus from the respiratory tract that has passed through the mouth.
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| stridor | high-pitched, continuous type of adventitious lung sound heard from the upper airway.
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| subcutaneous emphysema | accumulation of air in the subcutaneous tissues (under the skin) due to leakage from the lung.
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| syncope | temporary unconsciousness; fainting.
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| systolic pressure | peak blood pressure occurring in the arteries during ventricular contraction.
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| tachycardia | abnormally elevated heart rate.
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| tachypnea | abnormal elevation of breathing rate.
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| thrills | fine palpable vibration felt accompanying a cardiac or vascular murmur.
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| tripodding | breathing technique most often used by patients with COPD in which they lean forward and place their elbows on a table or arms of a chair to support breathing with the accessory muscles.
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| wheezes | high pitched, continuous type of adventitious lung sound.
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