Cardiovascular examination 1
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| impaired fasting glucose | fasting blood glucose of ≥ 110 mg/dL
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| obesity | BMI of ≥ 30kg, or waist girth of >100 cm
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| high serum HDL cholesterol | > 60 mg/dL
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| palpation of pulses | 30 secs with regular rhythm, 1-2 mins with irreg
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| apical pulse/PMI | 5th interspace midclavicular vertical line
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| brachial pulse | best in infants
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| radial pulse | most common monitoring site
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| (N) adult HR | 70 bpm; range 60-80 bpm
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| (N) newborn HR | 120 bpm; range 70-170 bpm
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| tachycardia | >100 bpm
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| bradycardia | <60 bpm
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| irregular pulse | variations in force and frequenc; may be due to arrhythmias, myocarditis
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| weak, thready pulse | stroke volume, cardiogenic shock
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| bounding, full pulse | shortened ventricular systole and decreased peripheral p°; aortic insufficiency
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| aortic valve | 2nd (R) ICS, sternal border
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| pulmonic valve | 2nd (L) ICS, sternal border
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| tricuspid valve | 4th (L) ICS, sternal border
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| bicuspid valve | 5th (L) ICS, midclavicular area
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| S1 sound "lub" | (N) closure mitral &tricuspid valves; beginning of systole; dec in 1st degree heart block
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| S2 sound "dub" | (N) closure aortic & pulmonic valves; end of systole; dec in aortic stenosis
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| S3 sound | assoc with ventricular filling; occurs soon after S2
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| S3 sound | congestive (LV) heart failure in older individuals
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| S4 sound | assoc with ventricular filling and atrial contraction; occurs just before S1
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| S4 | CAD, MI, aortic stenosis, or chronic HPN
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| systolic murmur | bet S1 & S2. may be normal or may indicate valvular dse (mitral valve prolapse)
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| diastolic murmur | bet S2 and S1. Usu indicates valvular dse
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| thrill | ab(N) tremor accompanying a vascular or cardiac murmur; felt on palpation
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| bruit | adventitious sound or murmur (blowing sound) of arterial or venous origin
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| bruit | common in carotid or femoral arteries; indicative of atherosclerosis
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