Theories Of Learning
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| What is the difference between operant behavior and Pavlovian responses? | Pavlovian responses are passive; they are the reflex and automatic reactions. Pavlovian responses are elicit (by stimuli)
Operant behavior is active ; it consists of the things you do (walking, talking, etc..) operant behavior is emitted (by organism
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| What division of the nervous system is associated with operant learning? | Peripheral then it connects to the somatic it controls movements of skeletal muscles
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| What was Edward Thorndike’s reason for constructing his puzzle box methods for studying behavior? | ?
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| What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect? | Behavior followed by favorable outcomes will increase frequency ;behavior followed by undesirable outcomes will decrease
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| Thorndike did not use the term “operant conditioning”-- What term did he use to describe the type of learning he was studying? | Trial and error learning
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| What is the difference between Hull’s “molecular” behaviorism and the “molar” approach of Tolman and Skinner? | Molecular approach all behavior even operant behavior, is made up of S-R chains Complex behavior =complex chains
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| How did Skinner compare operant learning to Darwin’s natural selection? | The principle of selection of behavior states that an
individual emits behavior that produces effects,
consequences, or outcomes. Based on these consequences, some behaviors increase inan organism’s behavioral repertoire while other behaviors decline or
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| What is the difference between Discrete Trial procedures and Free Operant procedures in the study of learning? | Behavior of an organism ends a trial (e.g., escape from box, or
finding the end of a maze ends a trial; start again)
Free Operant Procedures:Ongoing operant behavior can be “freely” repeated any number of times; rates of
responding automatically record
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| Define Reinforcement and Punishment | Reinforcement: providing consequences that increase or maintain the strength of an operant behavior.
Punishment: providing consequences that reduce the strength of an operant behavior.
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| Distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement and between positive and negative punishment. Be able to identify simple examples of each (look over the exercises we did in class) | Positive Reinforcement: A response is strengthened
by adding a stimulus or increasing its intensity (e.g., + food, praise)
Negative Reinforcement: A response is strengthened by subtracting a stimulus or decreasing its intensity
(e.g., —shock, nagging)
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| Distinguish between the following kinds of reinforcers; give examples for each: a. Primary. What is satiation? b. Secondary (or conditioned). How can these lose their reinforcing ability? c. Generalized. d. Contrived. e. Natural. f. Social. Why are |
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