AP II chp 23.2
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| Respiratory and circulatory systems work together to regulate gas delivery by: | regulating ventilation;altering oxygen carrying capacity and affinity;altering perfusion
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| What involves neurons in the reticular formation? | the medulla and pons
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| Motor function:(control of respiration) | helps control coarse limb movements; reticular autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions(vasomotor, cadiac, respiratory centers)
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| Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) | inspiratory center
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| functions of DRG | quiet and forced breathing
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| Ventral Respiratory Group(VRG) | inspiratory and expiratory center
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| functions of VRG | only in forced breathing - exercise
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| Apneustic center | promotes inspiration by stimulation of the neurons in the medulla oblongata providing a CONSTANT STIMULUS
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| Pontine respiratory group(PRG) | antagonises the apenustic center, cyclically inhibiting inspiration. This DECREASES tidal volume and REGULATES THE RESPIRATORY RATE
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| Absence of the PRG results in an: | increase in depth of respiration and a decrease in respiratory rate
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| Control areas are clusters of what kind of cells that are excitable? | neuronal cells
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| What receptor is on aorta leaving the heart? | aortic chemoreceptors
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| What receptor is on carotid arteries going to the brain? | carotid chemoreceptors
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| What are the 5 sensory modifiers of respiratory center activities? | 1)chemoreceptors;2)baroreceptors;3)stretch receptors;4)irritating physical or chemical stimuli;5)other sensations
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| Chemoreceptors of respiratory center activities are: | sensitive to PCO2, PO2 or pH of blood or cerebrospinal fluid
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| Baroreceptors of respiratory center activities are: | in aortic or carotid sinuses are sensitive to changes in blood pressure
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| stretch receptors of respiratory center activities: | respond to changes in lung volume
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| irritating physical or chemical stimuli of respiratory center actitivies: | in nasal cavity, larynx or bronchial tree
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| other sensations of respiratory center actitivities: | including pain, changes in body temperature, abnormal visceral sensations
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| What is the cranial nerve IX? | GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE; from carotid bodies, stimulated by changes in blood pH or PO2
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| What is the cranial nerve X? | VAGUS NERVE; from aortic bodies,stimulated by changes in blood pH or PO2
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| Receptors monitoring CSF are: | on ventrolateral surface of medualla oblongata; respond to PCO2 and pH of CSF
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| Glomus cells contain what kind of channels? | oxygen-gated K+ channels
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| List the steps of oxygen-gated K+ channels | 1)oxygen sensor detects low PO2;2)closes K+ channels;3)cell DEPOLARIZES;4)causes release of DOPAMINE;5)stimulates sensory neuron
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| list the mechanisms in central chemoreceptors | 1)CO2 CROSSES BLOOD/BRAIN BARRIER;2)carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 to HCO3- and H+;3)H+ stimulates receptor;4)stimulates ventilation
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| Hypercapnia | an increase in arterial PCO2; stimulates chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata
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| Hypoventilation | a common cause of hypercapnia;ABNORMALLY LOW RESPIRATION RATE allows CO2 buildup in blood; aka:decrease breathing rate and depth
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| hyperventilation | results in abnormally low PCO2(hypocapnia); stimulates chemoreceptors to decrease respiratory rate; aka:get rid of CO2, increase breathing rate and depth
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