Psych Unit 3 Vocab
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| Plasticity | Neural change, building new pathways
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| Neuron | The building blocks for our neural information systems
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| Glial cell | Supports, nourishes, and protects neurons
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| Threshold | The moment that triggers action potential
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| Refractory period | The time it takes neurons to fire again
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| All-or-none response | A neuron either fires or it doesn't, there's no difference in intensity
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| Resting potential | The electric potential between the inside and outside of a neuron
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| Depolarization | When a cell's charge becomes positive/less negative
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| Multiple Sclerosis | When the immune system attacks glial cells, myelin is damaged and stripped from the axon leading to loss of motor function and such
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| Reuptake | Excess neurotransmitters drifting away, being captured by enzymes, or being reabsorbed by the sending neuron
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| Excitatory neurotransmitters | One that excites the neurotransmitter, causing it to fire off another message
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| Inhibitory neurotransmitters | One that blocks the chemical message from being passed along any further
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| Reuptake inhibitors | A drug that inhibits reuptake
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| Acetylcholine | Enables muscle action, learning, and memory
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| Dopamine | Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
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| Serotonin | Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
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| Norepinephrine | Helps control alertness and arousal
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| GABA (gamma-aminobutryic acid) | A major inhibitory neurotransmitter
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| Glutamate | A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory
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| Endorphins | Neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure
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| Agonists | Molecules that increase a neurotransmitter's action
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| Antagonists | Molecules that decrease a neurotransmitter's action
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| Substance P | Regulates mood, anxiety, stress, pain, etc.
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| Myasthenia Gravis | Another disease that causes weakness in a person's muscles because of an error in how nerve signals are sent to muscles
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| Nervous system | The communicating network in our body
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) | The brain and the spinal cord
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Responsible for gathering info and transmitting all of the CNS decisions to other body parts
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| Sensory neurons | Carry messages from tissues and sensory receptors
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| Motor neurons | Carry instructions to muscles and glands
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| Interneurons | Communicate between sensory and motor neurons
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| Somatic Nervous System | Enables voluntary control of skeletal muscles
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| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | Controls glands and internal organ muscles automatically
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| Sympathetic Nervous System | Arouses and expends energy, for example, raising your heartbeat in a stressful situation
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Conserves energy, for example, calming you down after watching a horror movie
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| Reflex | A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus
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| Hormones | Chemical messengers
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| Adrenaline | This and noradrenaline get someone amped up and energized
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| Pituitary gland | Super important, it regulates growth and controls our endocrine glands
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| Hypothalamus | Controls the pituitary gland, also helps manage sleep, hunger, and body temperature among other things
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| Leptin | Regulates the balance between food intake and energy expenditure
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| Ghrelin | Hunger hormone, tells you when it's time to eat
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| Melatonin | Times circadian rhythms and sleep and shit
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| Oxytocin | Causes contraction of uterus during labor and stimulates ejection of milk into the ducts of breasts (also known as the horny hormone)
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | Like an amplified recording of electrical activity across the brain's surface
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| fMRI (functioning MRI) | An MRI that reveals bloodflow and therefore activity
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| Lesions | Tissue destruction
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| Brain stem | Oldest and innermost region of the brain (most survival functions)
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| Medulla | Base of the brainstem (heartbeat and breathing)
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| Thalamus | On top of the brainstem (controls the senses)
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| Reticular formation | A nerve network through the brainstem that plays a role in controlling arousal
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| Cerebellum | Extends from the brainstem's rear, enables nonverbal learning and skill memory
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| Limbic system | Between oldest and newest regions, connected with emotions and drives
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| Amygdala | Lima-bean sized neural clusters (aggression and food)
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| Hippocampus | Seahorse-shaped (processes memories)
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| Cerebral cortex | Ultimate control and info processing
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| Frontal lobes | Just behind the forehead, does speaking, muscle movement, plans, judgements, it's pretty important and develops slowly
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| Parietal lobes | Top of head and rear, receives sensory input for touch and body position
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| Occipital lobes | Back of head, receives information from the visual fields
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| Temporal lobes | Roughly above ears, includes auditory areas, gets information from the ear on the opposite side
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| Motor cortex | At the rear of the frontal lobes, controls voluntary movements
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| Sensory cortex | Receives and processes sensory information across the body, it's right behind the motor cortex
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| Cortex specialization | Different parts of the brain control different body parts
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| Prefrontal cortex | In the frontal lobe, thought of as the personality center, what makes us uniquely human
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| Broca's area | Brain center associate with the motor control of speech
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| Wernicke's area | All about comprehension of language
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| Aphasia | Can occur after a head injury, affects ability to express and understand spoken or written language
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| Neurogenesis | Brain growth, like plasticity
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| Corpus callosum | A band of nerves that connects the brain's two hemispheres
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| Hemispheric specialization/Lateralization | Tendency of some neural functions or cognitive processes to be specialized to one side of the brain or another
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| Consciousness | The individual awareness of one's unique thoughts and memories and shit
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| Attention | The concentration of awareness on something
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| Selective attention | Focusing on a particular input while suppressing irrelevant information
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| Inattention blindness | The failure to notice something fully-visible but unexpected because attention was engaged on another task
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| Change blindness | When there is a change in a visual stimulus but the observer does not notice it
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| Cocktail Party Effect | Focusing on one thing while filtering out other things
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| Blindsight | A neurological condition where someone can perceive the location of an object despite being cortically blind
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| Circadian rhythms | The physical, mental, and behavioral changes an organism experiences over a 24-hour cycle
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| Jet lag | Tiredness after a long flight, getting used to time change
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| REM sleep | A part of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement accompanied by low muscle tone throughout the body and the propensity of the sleeper to dream vividly
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| Hypnagogic sensations | The transitional state from wakefulness to sleep
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| EEG patterns (of each NREM stage) | Low-voltage fast EEG pattern of wakefulness gradually decreases to slower frequencies (N1 to N2 to N3 gets slower and slower)
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| Insomnia | A disorder where it's hard to fall asleep
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| Narcolepsy | A chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability to control sleep-wake cycles
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| Sleep apnea | A sleep disorder marked by pauses in breathing 10 seconds or more during sleep and causes unrestful sleep
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| Sleepwalking | Walking around or sometimes performing other actions while sleeping
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| REM Sleep Behavior Disorder | Movement in your sleep (but like extreme sometimes)
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| Neural activation | The process by which neurons become active and generate electrical impulses or signals within the nervous system
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| REM Rebound | The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
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| Consolidation theory | The idea that sleep plays a crucial role in the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories by strengthening neural connections
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| Psychoactive drugs | Chemicals that change perceptions and moods
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| Tolerance | Needing larger quantities of a drug for the same effect
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| Addiction | Craving a drug, not being able to stop using it
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| Withdrawl | Adverse side effects when one tries to stop taking a drug
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| Depressants | Drugs that calm neural activity and slow body functions
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| Alcohol use disorder | Basically an addiction to alcohol
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| Opiates | Opium and its derivatives, temporarily lessen pain and anxiety, depressants
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| Stimulants | Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
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| Cocaine | A stimulant that's really powerful
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| Caffeine | A stimulant that's not super powerful but is used a lot
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| Hallucinogens | Drugs tha distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
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| Marijuana/THC | Also known as weed, it's a mild hallucinogen
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| Endocrine System | Our "slow" chemical communication system that uses hormones
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