AP Psych Unit 1 Test
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| What are the 3 elements of a scientific attitude for psychology? | Curiosity, Humility, Skepticism
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| In your own words, define: Hindsight Bias, Overconfidence, Confirmation Bias. | Hindsight- after an event occurred to overestimate the extent to which the outcome
Confirmation- gathering evidence that confirms preexisting expectations
Overconfidence- overestimation of one’s actual ability to perform a task successfully
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| What is a hypothesis? | A prediction
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| What are operational definitions AND why are they needed? | Step by step instructions it is needed to replicate an experiment
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| What are the pros and cons of a survey? | Pros- cheap, quick info
Cons- self report bias
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| What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? | Qualitative- words
Quantitative- numerical data
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| What scale is often used to obtain qualitative data? | Likert Scales
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| What is meant by reliability? | Consistency
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| What is meant by validity? | Accuracy
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| 10. Why must samples be random and representative? | So that they represent the whole population, and each member of the population has the same chance of being chosen.
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| What is convenience sampling? | Sampling Bias
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| Why are peer review and replication important in psychology? | evaluation by members in the field
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| Does non-experimental research show cause and effect? | No
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| Identify the three methods of non-experimental research? | Case Study
Meta Analysis
Naturalistic Observation
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| Identify Pros and Cons of Case Studies? | Pros- details of subjects, unethical
Cons- no correlational data
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| Identify Pros and cons of Meta-Analysis? | Pros- accuracy
Cons- conflicting studies can lead to confusion
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| Identify Pros and Cons of Naturalistic Obeservation? | Pros- Natural environment
Cons- people could act different when they know they are being watched
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| What is a correlational coefficient? What defines a perfect correlation? | Closer to -1 or +1 the stronger it is
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| What is the third (or missing variable) problem? | The confounding variable
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| What is illusory correlation? | Perceiving a relationship where none exists or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship
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| Identify and define the two types of variables within an experiment. | Independent variable- manipulated
Dependent variable- measured
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| Which of the above is most impacted by outliers? | Mean
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| Identify and explain the two measures of variability. | Range, standard deviation
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| What is meant by regression towards the mean? | Points on the graph are close to the avg
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| What is generalizability? | The ability to apply data to other studies
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| Why are ethics important to psychological research? | To keep people safe and so ppl are treated humanely.
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| Give four examples of ethical guidelines. | Informed consent
Protection from harm & discomfort
Confidentiality
Debriefing
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