Endocrine Hormones
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| What are ductless and secrete hormones into the bloodstream? | Endocrine Glands
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| What travel to target cells that contain receptor protiens for it? | Hormones
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| What are secreted into the blood stream by specialized neurons? | Neurohormones
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| What type of hormones are derived from tyrosine or tryptophan? | Amine
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| What are 4 types of amine hormones? | Norepi, epi, thyroxine, and melatonin
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| Polypeptide and protein are chemical classification of hormones that are chains of what? | Amino acids
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| Hormones affect the ____________ of their targets. | Metabolism
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| What are 7 types of polypeptide and protein hormones? | ADH, GH, insulin, oxytocin, glucagon, ACTH, and PTH
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| What are 3 type of glycoprotein hormones? | LH, FSH, TSH
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| What chemical classification of hormone are lipids that are derived from cholesterol? | Steroids
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| What are 5 types of steroid hormones? | Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone and cortisol
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| What 2 hormones are lipids that can diffuse into target cells? | Steroid and thyroid
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| What is an example of a precursors of hormones? | Preproinsulin
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| What is an example of a precursors of prohormones? | Preproinsulin
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| What is the prehormone of the thyroid? | Thyroxine (T4)
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| Some hormones are inactive until activated by target cells for example thyroxine (T4) is inactive until converted to what in the target cell? | T3
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| T/F Both the NS and the endocrine system use chemicals to communicate. | True
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| 2 hormones that work together to produce an effect or produce a larger effect together than individual effects added together is called what? | Synergistic
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| T/F A tissue usually responds to only one hormone | False
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| The action of one hormone inhibits the effect of another is called what? | Antagonistic
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| A hormone is said to have a _______ effect on the action of a 2nd hormone when it enhances the responsiveness of a target organ to the 2nd hormone. | Permissive
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| The time required for blood levels to be reduced by half and ranges from minutes to hours is refered to as what? | Half-life
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| What occurs when a hormone induces more of its own receptors in target cells and results in greater response in the target cell? | Priming effect (upregulation)
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| Normal tissue responses are produced only when _________ are in physiological range. | Hormone
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| High pharmacological doses can causes a # of ________ _________ probably by binding to receptors of different but closely related other hormones. | Side effects
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| What occurs after long exposure to high levels of polypeptide hormones? | Desensitization (downregulation)
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| After desensitization subsequent exposure of this hormone produces a ________ response due to a decrease in the number of receptors on the targe. | Lesser
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| What does most peptide hormones have that prevents downregulation? | Pulsatile secretions
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| In the mechanisms of hormone action, a target cell receptor shows what 3 things for a hormone? | specificity, high affinity and low capacity
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| Lipophilic hormones have receptors in what 2 areas of the target cell because it can diffuse thru the plasma membrane? | cytoplasm and/or nucleus
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| What is the mechanism in which steroid hormones exert their effects by entering their target cells and binding to nuclear receptor proteins and influence their target tissue by stimulating genetic transcription? | Genomic action
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| The receptors for the lipophilic hormones are known as what because they function within the cells nucleus to activate genetic transcription (mRNA)? | Nuclear hormone receptors
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| The nuclear hormone receptors function as ________ factors that must 1st be activated by binding to their hormone ligand. | Transcription
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| The nuclear receptors are said to constitute a superfamily composed of what two major families? | Steroid and thyroid family (includes vitamin D and retinoic acid)
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| What are lipophilic molecules that play an important role in the regulation of cell function and organ physiology? | Vitamin D and retinoic acid
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| What are the 2 regions that each nuclear homone receptor has? | Ligand (hormone)-binding domain and a DNA-binding domain
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| The hormone receptor must be activated by binding to its hormone ligand before it can bind to a specific region of the DNA which is called a __________-__________ element. | Hormone-response
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| In the mechanisms of steroid hormones the process of two receptor units coming together at the two half-sites is called what? | Dimerization
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| The hormone response element (HRE) of a steroid hormone comsists of what? | 2 half sites
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| What stimulates transcription of target genes of a steroid hormone? | Dimerization
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| In the mechanism of thyroid hormone action 99.96% of T4 in the blood is boundto a carrier protein called what? | Thyroid binding globulin (TBG)
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| What is the only thyroid hormone that can enter the cell? | Free thyroxine and T3
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| What does protein bound thyroxine serve as? | Reservoir
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| Thyroid secretes __% T4 (thyroxine) and __% T3 | 90/10
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| What thyroid hormone binds to a receptor protein located in the nucleus? | T3
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| Where is T4 converted to T3? | Inside the cell
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| In the mechanism of thryoid hormone action ___ and ________ bind to 1 half-site and the other half-site binds to ________ ____. | T3 and receptor/retinoic acid
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| The 2 partners for the receptor for T3 form a _________ that activates the hormone response element which stimulates transcription of the target gene. | Heterodimer
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| Where is the receptor located for hormones that are water soluable and use a 2nd receptor? | Cell surface
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| Why does water soluble hormones use cell surface receptors? | Because they cannot pass through the plasma membrane
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| With hormones that use a 2nd messenger the hormone is the ______________ signal and the 2nd messenger carries the signal from the receptor to the inside of the cell. | Extracellular
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| What type of 2nd messenger system is used by insulin? | Tyrosine kinase
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| Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by means of what? | GLUT 4 carrier proteins
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