PSY209 Exam 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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Behavioral neuroscience | show 🗑
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neuroscience | show 🗑
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show | nerve cells, the basic unit of the nervous system
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show | areas where billions of neurons make contacts with each other
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show | specialized extensions of neurons that send and receive information, respectively, from neurons
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how many neurons does the human brain have? | show 🗑
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show | less than 4 millimeters (a stack of four credit cards)
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show | 2500cm^2 (a newspaper unfolded)
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how many capillaries? | show 🗑
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show | 8 liters (a sperm whale brain)
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how many axons? | show 🗑
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How many calculations per second? | show 🗑
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How many synapses? | show 🗑
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show | 15 feet (giraffes)
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show | 20%
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how many people suffer from strokes? | show 🗑
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how many people have Alzheimer's? | show 🗑
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how many people have epilepsy? | show 🗑
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show | 0
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show | 302
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show | turns social c. elegans (left) into solitary c. elegans (right)
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What behavior does administering a hormone affect? | show 🗑
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show | movement toward goal object
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What behavior does cutting connections between parts of nervous system affect? | show 🗑
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show | changes in hormone levels
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What somatic effect occurs when a visual stimulus is presented? | show 🗑
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show | anatomical changes in nerve cells
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show | Learning scores
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What are hormone levels correlated to? | show 🗑
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show | schizophrenic symptoms
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show | somatic variables and behavioral variables
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show | individuals behaving in social interactions
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show | brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and eyes
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show | eyes and vision brain regions
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brain region level | show 🗑
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show | local neural circuit
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cellular level | show 🗑
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show | 1 out of 5
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What is the prevalence of epilepsy in the U.S. and what type of condition is it? | show 🗑
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What is the prevalence of strokes in the U.S. and what type of condition is it? | show 🗑
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show | 2,500,000 and neurological
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What is the prevalence of head and spinal cord trauma in the U.S. and what type of condition is it? | show 🗑
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show | 500,000 and neurological
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show | 500,000 and neurological
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show | 85,000,000 and psychiatric
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show | 75,000,000 and psychiatric
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What is the prevalence of mood disorders in the U.S. and what type of condition is it? | show 🗑
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What is the prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse in the U.S. and what type of condition is it? | show 🗑
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What is the prevalence of schizophrenia in the U.S. and what type of condition is it? | show 🗑
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show | a measure of where peak activity occurs, rather than a suggestion of a single region involved in a particular task
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What do specialized cells do? | show 🗑
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show | central and peripheral
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show | regional specialization of functions
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show | specialized support systems
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show | provide support for and contribute to information processing neurons
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What does the neuron doctrine state? | show 🗑
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show | receives information from other cells through dendrites; where neurons collect and integrate information, either from the environment or from other cells
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show | where the decision to produce a neural signal is made; cell body (soma) region where inputs are combined and transformed
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Conduction zone | show 🗑
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Output zone | show 🗑
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How are neurons classified? | show 🗑
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show | one axon, many dendrites (most common type)
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show | one axon, one dendrite
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Unipolar neurons | show 🗑
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what do motor neurons do? | show 🗑
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what do sensory neurons do? | show 🗑
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show | receive input from and send input to other neurons
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show | receive information across synapses
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show | a small space between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron
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show | ion channels that facilitate electrical activity
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Where is information transmitted from and to? | show 🗑
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Why do dendrites have many dendritic spines? | show 🗑
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show | small spheres in presynaptic axon terminals that contain a neurotransmitter, a specialized chemical substance
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Why are neurotransmitters released? | show 🗑
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Which direction does the anterograde transport travel? | show 🗑
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show | from the axon terminals to the cell body
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Axonal transport | show 🗑
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show | usually one per neuron, with many terminal branches
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Dendrites number | show 🗑
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Axons diameter | show 🗑
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Dendrites diameter | show 🗑
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show | has axon hillock
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show | no axon hillock
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show | usually covered with myelin
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show | no myelin sheath
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Axons length | show 🗑
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Dendrites length | show 🗑
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Astrocytes | show 🗑
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show | a type of glial cell, small cells that remove debris from injured cells
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Oligodendrocytes | show 🗑
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Schwann cells | show 🗑
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show | a fatty sheath glial cells wrap around axons to insulate and speed conduction
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show | gaps between myelin sections where the axon is exposed
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show | demyelinating disease
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the central nervous system (CNS) | show 🗑
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the peripheral nervous system | show 🗑
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show | voluntary movement; nerves that interconnect the brain and the skeletal muscles and sensory systems
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show | largely unconscious regulation of bodily functions; nerves that primarily control the viscera (internal organs: kidneys, liver, lungs, heart, etc)
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show | (12 pairs) connecting brain with body without going through the spinal cord
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show | Olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear
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What are the five motor pathways? | show 🗑
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show | Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
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How many roots do spinal nerves have and how many pairs? | show 🗑
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show | carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord
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show | carries motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles
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show | for the segment of spinal cord they are connected to
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cervical | show 🗑
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thoracic | show 🗑
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show | lower back 5
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sacral | show 🗑
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coccygeal | show 🗑
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show | Autonomic nervous system
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show | a division of the autonomic nervous system; prepares the body for action, has preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
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What do preganglionic neurons do? | show 🗑
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show | a division of the autonomic nervous system; conserves energy, has preganglionic neurons in the cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord
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preganglionic neurons | show 🗑
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show | run from the autonomic ganglia to targets in the body
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show | acetylcholine (ACh)
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show | norepinephrine (noradrenaline) (NE)
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sagittal plane | show 🗑
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show | divides into front and back
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show | divides into up and down
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medial | show 🗑
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lateral | show 🗑
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anterior or rostral | show 🗑
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show | tail end
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show | toward the back
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ventral | show 🗑
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show | cerebral cortex
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show | in cerebral cortex; anterior region, role in cognitive and emotional processing
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show | in cerebral cortex; between frontal and occipital lobes, role in linguistic processing
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show | in cerebral cortex; posterior region, role in visual processing
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show | in cerebral cortex; lateral region, role in auditory processing
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Gray matter | show 🗑
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white matter | show 🗑
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corpus callosum | show 🗑
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subdivisions of neural tube | show 🗑
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show | telencephalon, diencephalon
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show | metencephalon (cerebellum and pons), myelencephalon (medulla)
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cortex | show 🗑
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show | pyramidal neuron
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Nuclei in motor control | show 🗑
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show | amygdala, hippocampus, septum, mammillary bodies
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Thalamus | show 🗑
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hypothalamus | show 🗑
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show | in the mesencephalon in the midbrain; superior colliculi and inferior colliculi
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show | processes visual information
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inferior colliculi | show 🗑
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substantia nigra | show 🗑
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tegmentum | show 🗑
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show | in the metencephalon, involved in motor coordination and basic learning
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show | innermost layer in cerebellum, composed of small neurons
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purkinje cell layer | show 🗑
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molecular layer | show 🗑
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Pons | show 🗑
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show | in the myelencephalon; marks the transition from brain to spinal cord, all axons from the brain to the spinal cord pass through the medulla, contains nuclei that regulate autonomic functions (breathing, heart rate, sneezing)
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meninges | show 🗑
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Dura mater | show 🗑
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Pia mater | show 🗑
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show | a meninge, substance between the dura mater and Pia mater that cushions the brain in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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show | acts as a shock absorber and provides an exchange medium between blood and brain
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show | series of four chambers filled with CSF and lined with choroid plexus
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choroid plexus | show 🗑
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show | in telencephalon, one in each hemisphere, extends into all four lobes
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show | in diencephalon, at the midline, between the lateral ventricles
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fourth ventricle | show 🗑
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show | dynamic physical and metabolic barrier between blood and CSF/brain consisting of specialized endothelial cells that protects the brain from blood-borne compounds, and maintains brain homeostasis
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Intercellular pathway | show 🗑
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show | passive diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules across the barrier
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show | active transport of large molecules across the barrier by specific proteins
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Protein pumps | show 🗑
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show | major arteries to the brain (anterior, middle, posterior cerebral arteries)
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anterior and middle arteries | show 🗑
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show | originates from the basilar artery that itself arises from the vertebral arteries
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circle of Willis | show 🗑
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show | graded, local changes in the postsynaptic membrane potential
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show | a sequence of events
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show | circuits
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show | rapid electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron, produced by the movement of Na+ ions into the cell, brief and large change in membrane potential, originates in axon hillock, propagates along the axon
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neurotransmitter | show 🗑
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what is a neuron at rest? | show 🗑
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ions | show 🗑
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anions | show 🗑
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cations | show 🗑
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what are ions dissolved in? | show 🗑
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show | the cell membrane
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how can one measure the membrane potential? | show 🗑
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In a resting cell, which fluid is more negative? | show 🗑
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show | -50 to -80 millivolts (mV)
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what is the cell membrane also called? | show 🗑
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show | proteins that span the membrane and allow ions to pass, open and close in response to voltage changes, chemicals, or mechanical action, some channels are open all the time and allow only potassium ions to cross
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show | K+ enters or leaves the cell freely with restriction on the flow of other ions
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Diffusion | show 🗑
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electrostatic pressure | show 🗑
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show | maintains resting potential and pumps out 3 sodium ions for every 2 potassium ions that are pumped in
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electrostatic pressure | show 🗑
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what happens when potassium builds up inside the cell? | show 🗑
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show | when movement out equals movement in
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show | corresponds to resting membrane potential
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Nernst equation | show 🗑
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show | predicts voltage potentials similar to resting potentials, takes into account the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of several ions and the degree of membrane permeability to each
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What is mostly found inside the cell? | show 🗑
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show | Na+ ions, Cl- ions, and Ca2+ ions
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show | through specialized channels in the cell membrane
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hyper polarization | show 🗑
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show | decrease in membrane potential, the interior of the cell becomes less negative
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show | the greater the hyper polarization response
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show | a change in potential
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show | it occurs at the same time, but is lower
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the greater the depolarizing stimulus... | show 🗑
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all-or-none property of action potentials | show 🗑
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show | it occurs later, but is of the same size
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show | how many and which ion channels are open
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show | K+ creates resting potential
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show | at threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open
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after Na+ channels open and action potential is reached... | show 🗑
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show | all channels close, cell returns to resting potential
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Refractory period | show 🗑
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Absolute refractory phase | show 🗑
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show | time when only strong simulation can produce an action potential
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refractory state | show 🗑
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conduction velocity | show 🗑
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What is the speed of conduction in unmyelinated axons (invertebrates)? | show 🗑
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saltatory conduction | show 🗑
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What is the speed of conduction in myelinated axons (vertebrates)? | show 🗑
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show | genetic abnormality of ion channels often causing a disorder (23 disorders currently identified)
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Na+ channelopathy | show 🗑
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show | associated with deafness, kidney problems, movement disorders, epilepsy
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show | they block specific ion channels
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show | produced in ovaries of puffer fish, block voltage-gated Na+ channels
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show | produced by algae, block voltage-gated Na+ channels
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show | produced by poison dart frogs, force voltage-gated Na+ channels to stay open
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postsynaptic potential | show 🗑
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excitatory postsynaptic potential (ESP) | show 🗑
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synaptic delay | show 🗑
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) | show 🗑
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chloride ions (Cl-) | show 🗑
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show | causes depolarization (EPSP) of the neuron
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show | causes hyper polarization (IPSP) of the neuron
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When will a postsynaptic neuron fire an action potential? | show 🗑
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show | summing of potentials that come from different parts of the cell
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when will an action potential occur? | show 🗑
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temporal summation | show 🗑
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show | the greater the summation and possibility of an action potential
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where do action potentials occur? | show 🗑
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Where do EPSPs occur? | show 🗑
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show | the dendrites and soma
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What is an action potential's signaling role? | show 🗑
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show | transmission between neurons
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show | transmission between neurons
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What is the typical duration of an action potential? | show 🗑
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show | 10-100 ms
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What is the typical duration of an IPSP? | show 🗑
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What is the character of an action potential? | show 🗑
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show | graded, analog
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What is the character of an IPSP? | show 🗑
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show | overshooting, 100mV
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show | depolarizing, from less than 1 to more than 20mV
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What is the amplitude of an IPSP? | show 🗑
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What is an action potential's mode of propagation? | show 🗑
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What is an EPSP's mode of propagation? | show 🗑
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What is an IPSP's mode of propagation? | show 🗑
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What is the ion channel opening of an action potential? | show 🗑
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What is the ion channel opening of an EPSP? | show 🗑
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What is the ion channel opening of an IPSP? | show 🗑
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show | voltage (depolarization)
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show | chemical (neurotransmitter)
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show | chemical (neurotransmitter)
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First step of synaptic transmission | show 🗑
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show | voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters
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Third step of synaptic transmission | show 🗑
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Fourth step of synaptic transmission | show 🗑
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show | EPSPs or IPSPs spread toward the postsynaptic axon hillock
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Sixth step of synaptic transmission | show 🗑
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Seventh step of synaptic transmission | show 🗑
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SNARE | show 🗑
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v-SNAREs | show 🗑
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t-SNAREs | show 🗑
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show | protein attached to the vesicle, activated by Ca2+, triggers the fusion of the vesicle with the presynaptic membrane resulting in the release of neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
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What are receptors activated or inhibited by? | show 🗑
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show | neurotransmitters and hormones
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exogenous ligands | show 🗑
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show | a neurotransmitter that can bind to the nicotinic receptor (a ligand-gated ion channel) to then allow Na+ ions to enter the cell (need 2 molecules)
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What does nicotine mimic? | show 🗑
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show | it is toxic, causes paralysis, and blocks nicotinic receptors (antagonist)
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Nicotinic ACh receptors | show 🗑
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show | G-protein-coupled receptor in the brain, on organs innervated by the parasympathetic division or the autonomic system, activated by ACh, and activated by muscarine (found in mushrooms)
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show | dynamic, daily changes in adulthood, changes during development, and changes with drug use
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Up-regulation | show 🗑
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show | decrease in receptor number
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Ionotropic receptors | show 🗑
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Metabotropic receptors | show 🗑
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What is the speed of ionotropic receptors? | show 🗑
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show | slow, indirect opening of ion channel
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What percentage of ligands (neurotransmitters and hormones) bind to G-protein-coupled receptors? | show 🗑
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show | Degradation and reuptake
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show | rapid breakdown and inactivation of transmitter by an enzyme, e.g. acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down ACh and recycles it
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Reuptake | show 🗑
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show | they bind to auto receptors (auto=self) on the presynaptic cell to control its own release
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show | axon terminal synapses on a dendrite
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Axo-somatic | show 🗑
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show | synapse between two axons
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Dendro-dendritic | show 🗑
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Chemical synapse | show 🗑
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show | gap junctions, ions flow through large channels (connexons) into adjacent cells, synaptic cleft=2-4nm, no time delay
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the axon potential jumps... | show 🗑
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show | circuit with neurons linearly attached allows for fast response (=reflex)
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stretch reflect (knee-jerk reflex) | show 🗑
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Withdrawal reflex (nociceptive/flexor withdrawal reflex) | show 🗑
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show | polysynaptic: sensory-neuron-synapse-brainstem-synapse-motor neuron
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show | polysynaptic: sensory neuron-synapse-thalamus-synapse-amygdala-synapse-motor-neuron, thalamus to amygdala pathway carries information rapidly to the amygdala
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knee-jerk reflex | show 🗑
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show | is slower but allows the external stimuli to be cognitively appraised
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show | a complex electrochemical process
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complex array | show 🗑
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What do the effects of drugs depend on? | show 🗑
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show | each stage of neural conduction and synaptic transmission
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some neuroactive drugs... | show 🗑
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neurochemistry | show 🗑
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show | the study of drugs that affect the nervous system
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exogenous substances | show 🗑
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endogenous substances | show 🗑
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show | the receptor is ionotropic
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show | the receptor is metabotropic
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agonist drug | show 🗑
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show | binds receptor without activating it, thereby blocking the receptor from being activated (competitive vs non-competitive)
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show | binds receptor and initiates opposite effect of usual neurotransmitter
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Neurotransmitter criteria | show 🗑
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glutamate | show 🗑
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show | excess of glutamate release resulting in damage/loss of neurons, plays a role in Alzheimer's disease, brain trauma, seizure disorders, Parkinson's disease, stroke, Huntington's disease, autism, schizophrenia
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GABA | show 🗑
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Drugs based on enhancing GABA function | show 🗑
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Alzheimer's disease is associated with... | show 🗑
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monoamine neurotransmitters | show 🗑
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show | melatonin, serotonin
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show | originating in the substantial nigra and projecting to the striatum where dopamine is found (important in motor control, neuronal loss is causing Parkinson's disease)
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show | originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projecting to the cortex and limbic areas, important for reward and aversion and learning, abnormalities associated with schizophrenia and depression
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Norepinephrine (NE) | show 🗑
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show | reduces performance anxiety
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show | synthesized in 7 raphe nuclei, with dorsal raphe nucleus being the largest, role in sleep, mood, sexual behavior, depression and anxiety
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show | antidepressants (prozac)
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How is serotonin deactivated? | show 🗑
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show | the serotonin transporter, increasing the availability of serotonin in the synapse
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show | the degree of chemical attraction between a ligand and a receptor
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when a drug has a high affinity for its receptor... | show 🗑
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show | neurotransmitters, rapidly dissociate from receptors
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show | the ability of a bound ligand to activate the receptor
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show | high efficacy
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show | low efficacy
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drug-response curve (DRC) | show 🗑
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ED_50 value | show 🗑
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higher potency | show 🗑
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therapeutic index | show 🗑
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antidepressants | show 🗑
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show | prevent breakdown of monamines at synapses
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tricyclic antidepressants | show 🗑
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show | same mechanism as tricyclic antidepressants but with fewer side effects
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anxiolytics (tranquilizers) | show 🗑
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Benzodiazepine agonists | show 🗑
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Popular Psychology sets