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PSY209 Exam 1

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Question
Answer
Behavioral neuroscience   show
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neuroscience   show
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show nerve cells, the basic unit of the nervous system  
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show areas where billions of neurons make contacts with each other  
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show specialized extensions of neurons that send and receive information, respectively, from neurons  
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how many neurons does the human brain have?   show
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show less than 4 millimeters (a stack of four credit cards)  
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show 2500cm^2 (a newspaper unfolded)  
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how many capillaries?   show
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show 8 liters (a sperm whale brain)  
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how many axons?   show
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How many calculations per second?   show
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How many synapses?   show
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show 15 feet (giraffes)  
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show 20%  
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how many people suffer from strokes?   show
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how many people have Alzheimer's?   show
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how many people have epilepsy?   show
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show 0  
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show 302  
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show turns social c. elegans (left) into solitary c. elegans (right)  
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What behavior does administering a hormone affect?   show
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show movement toward goal object  
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What behavior does cutting connections between parts of nervous system affect?   show
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show changes in hormone levels  
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What somatic effect occurs when a visual stimulus is presented?   show
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show anatomical changes in nerve cells  
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show Learning scores  
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What are hormone levels correlated to?   show
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show schizophrenic symptoms  
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show somatic variables and behavioral variables  
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show individuals behaving in social interactions  
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show brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and eyes  
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show eyes and vision brain regions  
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brain region level   show
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show local neural circuit  
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cellular level   show
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show 1 out of 5  
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What is the prevalence of epilepsy in the U.S. and what type of condition is it?   show
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What is the prevalence of strokes in the U.S. and what type of condition is it?   show
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show 2,500,000 and neurological  
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What is the prevalence of head and spinal cord trauma in the U.S. and what type of condition is it?   show
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show 500,000 and neurological  
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show 500,000 and neurological  
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show 85,000,000 and psychiatric  
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show 75,000,000 and psychiatric  
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What is the prevalence of mood disorders in the U.S. and what type of condition is it?   show
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What is the prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse in the U.S. and what type of condition is it?   show
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What is the prevalence of schizophrenia in the U.S. and what type of condition is it?   show
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show a measure of where peak activity occurs, rather than a suggestion of a single region involved in a particular task  
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What do specialized cells do?   show
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show central and peripheral  
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show regional specialization of functions  
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show specialized support systems  
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show provide support for and contribute to information processing neurons  
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What does the neuron doctrine state?   show
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show receives information from other cells through dendrites; where neurons collect and integrate information, either from the environment or from other cells  
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show where the decision to produce a neural signal is made; cell body (soma) region where inputs are combined and transformed  
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Conduction zone   show
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Output zone   show
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How are neurons classified?   show
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show one axon, many dendrites (most common type)  
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show one axon, one dendrite  
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Unipolar neurons   show
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what do motor neurons do?   show
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what do sensory neurons do?   show
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show receive input from and send input to other neurons  
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show receive information across synapses  
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show a small space between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron  
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show ion channels that facilitate electrical activity  
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Where is information transmitted from and to?   show
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Why do dendrites have many dendritic spines?   show
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show small spheres in presynaptic axon terminals that contain a neurotransmitter, a specialized chemical substance  
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Why are neurotransmitters released?   show
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Which direction does the anterograde transport travel?   show
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show from the axon terminals to the cell body  
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Axonal transport   show
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show usually one per neuron, with many terminal branches  
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Dendrites number   show
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Axons diameter   show
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Dendrites diameter   show
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show has axon hillock  
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show no axon hillock  
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show usually covered with myelin  
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show no myelin sheath  
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Axons length   show
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Dendrites length   show
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Astrocytes   show
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show a type of glial cell, small cells that remove debris from injured cells  
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Oligodendrocytes   show
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Schwann cells   show
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show a fatty sheath glial cells wrap around axons to insulate and speed conduction  
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show gaps between myelin sections where the axon is exposed  
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show demyelinating disease  
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the central nervous system (CNS)   show
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the peripheral nervous system   show
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show voluntary movement; nerves that interconnect the brain and the skeletal muscles and sensory systems  
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show largely unconscious regulation of bodily functions; nerves that primarily control the viscera (internal organs: kidneys, liver, lungs, heart, etc)  
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show (12 pairs) connecting brain with body without going through the spinal cord  
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show Olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear  
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What are the five motor pathways?   show
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show Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus  
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How many roots do spinal nerves have and how many pairs?   show
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show carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord  
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show carries motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles  
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show for the segment of spinal cord they are connected to  
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cervical   show
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thoracic   show
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show lower back 5  
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sacral   show
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coccygeal   show
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show Autonomic nervous system  
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show a division of the autonomic nervous system; prepares the body for action, has preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord  
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What do preganglionic neurons do?   show
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show a division of the autonomic nervous system; conserves energy, has preganglionic neurons in the cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord  
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preganglionic neurons   show
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show run from the autonomic ganglia to targets in the body  
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show acetylcholine (ACh)  
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show norepinephrine (noradrenaline) (NE)  
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sagittal plane   show
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show divides into front and back  
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show divides into up and down  
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medial   show
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lateral   show
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anterior or rostral   show
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show tail end  
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show toward the back  
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ventral   show
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show cerebral cortex  
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show in cerebral cortex; anterior region, role in cognitive and emotional processing  
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show in cerebral cortex; between frontal and occipital lobes, role in linguistic processing  
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show in cerebral cortex; posterior region, role in visual processing  
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show in cerebral cortex; lateral region, role in auditory processing  
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Gray matter   show
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white matter   show
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corpus callosum   show
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subdivisions of neural tube   show
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show telencephalon, diencephalon  
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show metencephalon (cerebellum and pons), myelencephalon (medulla)  
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cortex   show
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show pyramidal neuron  
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Nuclei in motor control   show
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show amygdala, hippocampus, septum, mammillary bodies  
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Thalamus   show
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hypothalamus   show
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show in the mesencephalon in the midbrain; superior colliculi and inferior colliculi  
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show processes visual information  
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inferior colliculi   show
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substantia nigra   show
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tegmentum   show
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show in the metencephalon, involved in motor coordination and basic learning  
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show innermost layer in cerebellum, composed of small neurons  
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purkinje cell layer   show
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molecular layer   show
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Pons   show
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show in the myelencephalon; marks the transition from brain to spinal cord, all axons from the brain to the spinal cord pass through the medulla, contains nuclei that regulate autonomic functions (breathing, heart rate, sneezing)  
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meninges   show
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Dura mater   show
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Pia mater   show
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show a meninge, substance between the dura mater and Pia mater that cushions the brain in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)  
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show acts as a shock absorber and provides an exchange medium between blood and brain  
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show series of four chambers filled with CSF and lined with choroid plexus  
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choroid plexus   show
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show in telencephalon, one in each hemisphere, extends into all four lobes  
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show in diencephalon, at the midline, between the lateral ventricles  
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fourth ventricle   show
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show dynamic physical and metabolic barrier between blood and CSF/brain consisting of specialized endothelial cells that protects the brain from blood-borne compounds, and maintains brain homeostasis  
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Intercellular pathway   show
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show passive diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules across the barrier  
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show active transport of large molecules across the barrier by specific proteins  
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Protein pumps   show
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show major arteries to the brain (anterior, middle, posterior cerebral arteries)  
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anterior and middle arteries   show
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show originates from the basilar artery that itself arises from the vertebral arteries  
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circle of Willis   show
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show graded, local changes in the postsynaptic membrane potential  
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show a sequence of events  
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show circuits  
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show rapid electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron, produced by the movement of Na+ ions into the cell, brief and large change in membrane potential, originates in axon hillock, propagates along the axon  
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neurotransmitter   show
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what is a neuron at rest?   show
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ions   show
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anions   show
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cations   show
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what are ions dissolved in?   show
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show the cell membrane  
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how can one measure the membrane potential?   show
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In a resting cell, which fluid is more negative?   show
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show -50 to -80 millivolts (mV)  
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what is the cell membrane also called?   show
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show proteins that span the membrane and allow ions to pass, open and close in response to voltage changes, chemicals, or mechanical action, some channels are open all the time and allow only potassium ions to cross  
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show K+ enters or leaves the cell freely with restriction on the flow of other ions  
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Diffusion   show
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electrostatic pressure   show
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show maintains resting potential and pumps out 3 sodium ions for every 2 potassium ions that are pumped in  
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electrostatic pressure   show
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what happens when potassium builds up inside the cell?   show
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show when movement out equals movement in  
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show corresponds to resting membrane potential  
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Nernst equation   show
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show predicts voltage potentials similar to resting potentials, takes into account the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of several ions and the degree of membrane permeability to each  
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What is mostly found inside the cell?   show
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show Na+ ions, Cl- ions, and Ca2+ ions  
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show through specialized channels in the cell membrane  
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hyper polarization   show
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show decrease in membrane potential, the interior of the cell becomes less negative  
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show the greater the hyper polarization response  
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show a change in potential  
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show it occurs at the same time, but is lower  
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the greater the depolarizing stimulus...   show
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all-or-none property of action potentials   show
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show it occurs later, but is of the same size  
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show how many and which ion channels are open  
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show K+ creates resting potential  
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show at threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open  
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after Na+ channels open and action potential is reached...   show
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show all channels close, cell returns to resting potential  
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Refractory period   show
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Absolute refractory phase   show
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show time when only strong simulation can produce an action potential  
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refractory state   show
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conduction velocity   show
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What is the speed of conduction in unmyelinated axons (invertebrates)?   show
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saltatory conduction   show
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What is the speed of conduction in myelinated axons (vertebrates)?   show
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show genetic abnormality of ion channels often causing a disorder (23 disorders currently identified)  
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Na+ channelopathy   show
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show associated with deafness, kidney problems, movement disorders, epilepsy  
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show they block specific ion channels  
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show produced in ovaries of puffer fish, block voltage-gated Na+ channels  
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show produced by algae, block voltage-gated Na+ channels  
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show produced by poison dart frogs, force voltage-gated Na+ channels to stay open  
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postsynaptic potential   show
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excitatory postsynaptic potential (ESP)   show
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synaptic delay   show
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)   show
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chloride ions (Cl-)   show
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show causes depolarization (EPSP) of the neuron  
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show causes hyper polarization (IPSP) of the neuron  
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When will a postsynaptic neuron fire an action potential?   show
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show summing of potentials that come from different parts of the cell  
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when will an action potential occur?   show
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temporal summation   show
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show the greater the summation and possibility of an action potential  
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where do action potentials occur?   show
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Where do EPSPs occur?   show
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show the dendrites and soma  
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What is an action potential's signaling role?   show
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show transmission between neurons  
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show transmission between neurons  
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What is the typical duration of an action potential?   show
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show 10-100 ms  
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What is the typical duration of an IPSP?   show
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What is the character of an action potential?   show
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show graded, analog  
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What is the character of an IPSP?   show
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show overshooting, 100mV  
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show depolarizing, from less than 1 to more than 20mV  
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What is the amplitude of an IPSP?   show
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What is an action potential's mode of propagation?   show
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What is an EPSP's mode of propagation?   show
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What is an IPSP's mode of propagation?   show
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What is the ion channel opening of an action potential?   show
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What is the ion channel opening of an EPSP?   show
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What is the ion channel opening of an IPSP?   show
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show voltage (depolarization)  
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show chemical (neurotransmitter)  
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show chemical (neurotransmitter)  
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First step of synaptic transmission   show
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show voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters  
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Third step of synaptic transmission   show
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Fourth step of synaptic transmission   show
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show EPSPs or IPSPs spread toward the postsynaptic axon hillock  
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Sixth step of synaptic transmission   show
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Seventh step of synaptic transmission   show
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SNARE   show
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v-SNAREs   show
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t-SNAREs   show
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show protein attached to the vesicle, activated by Ca2+, triggers the fusion of the vesicle with the presynaptic membrane resulting in the release of neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft  
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What are receptors activated or inhibited by?   show
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show neurotransmitters and hormones  
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exogenous ligands   show
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show a neurotransmitter that can bind to the nicotinic receptor (a ligand-gated ion channel) to then allow Na+ ions to enter the cell (need 2 molecules)  
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What does nicotine mimic?   show
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show it is toxic, causes paralysis, and blocks nicotinic receptors (antagonist)  
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Nicotinic ACh receptors   show
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show G-protein-coupled receptor in the brain, on organs innervated by the parasympathetic division or the autonomic system, activated by ACh, and activated by muscarine (found in mushrooms)  
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show dynamic, daily changes in adulthood, changes during development, and changes with drug use  
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Up-regulation   show
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show decrease in receptor number  
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Ionotropic receptors   show
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Metabotropic receptors   show
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What is the speed of ionotropic receptors?   show
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show slow, indirect opening of ion channel  
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What percentage of ligands (neurotransmitters and hormones) bind to G-protein-coupled receptors?   show
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show Degradation and reuptake  
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show rapid breakdown and inactivation of transmitter by an enzyme, e.g. acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down ACh and recycles it  
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Reuptake   show
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show they bind to auto receptors (auto=self) on the presynaptic cell to control its own release  
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show axon terminal synapses on a dendrite  
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Axo-somatic   show
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show synapse between two axons  
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Dendro-dendritic   show
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Chemical synapse   show
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show gap junctions, ions flow through large channels (connexons) into adjacent cells, synaptic cleft=2-4nm, no time delay  
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the axon potential jumps...   show
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show circuit with neurons linearly attached allows for fast response (=reflex)  
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stretch reflect (knee-jerk reflex)   show
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Withdrawal reflex (nociceptive/flexor withdrawal reflex)   show
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show polysynaptic: sensory-neuron-synapse-brainstem-synapse-motor neuron  
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show polysynaptic: sensory neuron-synapse-thalamus-synapse-amygdala-synapse-motor-neuron, thalamus to amygdala pathway carries information rapidly to the amygdala  
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knee-jerk reflex   show
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show is slower but allows the external stimuli to be cognitively appraised  
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show a complex electrochemical process  
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complex array   show
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What do the effects of drugs depend on?   show
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show each stage of neural conduction and synaptic transmission  
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some neuroactive drugs...   show
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neurochemistry   show
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show the study of drugs that affect the nervous system  
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exogenous substances   show
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endogenous substances   show
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show the receptor is ionotropic  
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show the receptor is metabotropic  
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agonist drug   show
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show binds receptor without activating it, thereby blocking the receptor from being activated (competitive vs non-competitive)  
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show binds receptor and initiates opposite effect of usual neurotransmitter  
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Neurotransmitter criteria   show
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glutamate   show
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show excess of glutamate release resulting in damage/loss of neurons, plays a role in Alzheimer's disease, brain trauma, seizure disorders, Parkinson's disease, stroke, Huntington's disease, autism, schizophrenia  
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GABA   show
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Drugs based on enhancing GABA function   show
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Alzheimer's disease is associated with...   show
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monoamine neurotransmitters   show
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show melatonin, serotonin  
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show originating in the substantial nigra and projecting to the striatum where dopamine is found (important in motor control, neuronal loss is causing Parkinson's disease)  
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show originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projecting to the cortex and limbic areas, important for reward and aversion and learning, abnormalities associated with schizophrenia and depression  
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Norepinephrine (NE)   show
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show reduces performance anxiety  
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show synthesized in 7 raphe nuclei, with dorsal raphe nucleus being the largest, role in sleep, mood, sexual behavior, depression and anxiety  
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show antidepressants (prozac)  
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How is serotonin deactivated?   show
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show the serotonin transporter, increasing the availability of serotonin in the synapse  
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show the degree of chemical attraction between a ligand and a receptor  
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when a drug has a high affinity for its receptor...   show
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show neurotransmitters, rapidly dissociate from receptors  
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show the ability of a bound ligand to activate the receptor  
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show high efficacy  
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show low efficacy  
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drug-response curve (DRC)   show
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ED_50 value   show
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higher potency   show
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therapeutic index   show
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antidepressants   show
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show prevent breakdown of monamines at synapses  
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tricyclic antidepressants   show
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show same mechanism as tricyclic antidepressants but with fewer side effects  
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anxiolytics (tranquilizers)   show
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Benzodiazepine agonists   show
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