Chapter 1 - ANT2410
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| comparative study of human societies & cultures | anthropology
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| an approach that considers culture, history, language, & biology essential to a complete understanding of human society | holistic/holism
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| learned behaviors & symbols allowing people to live in groups; primary means by which humans adapt to their environments; way of life characteristic of a particular human society | culture
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| group of people who depend on one another for survival/well-being, as well as relationships among such people, incl. status/role | society
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| description of a society/culture | ethnography
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| examining society using concepts, categories, & distinctions that are meaningful to members of that culture | emic
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| examining society using concepts, categories, & rules derived from science; outsider's perspective, which produces analyses that members of society being studied may not find meaningful | etic
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| attempt to find general principles/laws that govern cultural phenomenon | ethnology
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| study of human thought, meaning, & behavior that is learned rather than genetically transmitted, & that is typical of groups of people | cultural anthropology
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| description of the cultural past based on written records, interviews, & archeology | ethnohistory
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| branch of linguistics concerned w/understanding language & its relation to culture | linguistic anthropology
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| study relationships among languages to better understand the histories/migrations of those who speak them | historical linguistics
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| sub-discipline of anthropology; focuses on reconstruction of past cultures based on their material remains | archaeology
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| societies for which we have no usable written records | prehistoric
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| any object made/modified by human beings; generally used to refer to objects made by past cultures | artifact
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| archeological investigation of towns & cities as well as process of urbanization | urban archeology
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| protection & management of archeological, archival, & architectural resources | cultural resource management (CRM)
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| sub-discipline of anthropology; studies people from a biological perspective, primarily aspects of humankind that are genetically inherited | biological anthropology
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| biological anthropology is also called __ anthropology | physical
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| __ anthropology includes osteology, nutrition, demography, epidemiology, & primatology | biological
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| sub-discipline of anthropology; concerned w/tracing evolution of humankind in the fossil record | paleoanthroplogy
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| sub-discipline of anthropology; map & explaining physiological differences among modern human groups & attempt to explain the sources of diversity | human variation
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| member of biological order of mammals that incl. human beings, apes, & monkeys as well as prosimians (lemurs, tarsiers, & others) | primate
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| subfield of cultural anthropology; concerned w/experience of disease as well as its distribution, prevention & treatments, with regarding to its understanding & treatment in different cultures | medical anthropology
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| application of anthropology to solution of human problems | applied anthropology
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| societies that have occupied a regions for a long time & are recognized by other groups as its original (or very ancient) inhabitants | indigenous people
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| application of biological anthropology to identification of skeletalized/badly decomposed human remains | forensic anthropology
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| judging other cultures from perspective of one's own culture; notion that one's own culture is more beautiful, rational, & nearer to perfection than any other | ethnocentrism
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| situation where social/moral norms are confused/entirely absent; often caused by rapid social change | anomie
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| belief that some human populations are superior to others because of inherited, genetically transmitted characteristics | racism
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| notion that cultures should be analyzed w/reference to their own histories & values, in terms of the cultural whole, rather than according to values of another culture | cultural relativism
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| notion that all human groups have the same biological & mental capabilities | biopsychological equality
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| One of the critical goals of cultural anthropology as an academic discipline is to __, __ & __ different cultures | describe; analyze; explain
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| The attitude toward magic and ritual among the Nacirema indicates that __ & __ can be found in a wide variety of cultures | magic; ritual
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| The work of anthropologists has helped to __ & __ our tendency towards ethnocentrism | challenge; correct
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| Traits such as skin color, hair color and texture, and nose shape are often chosen to determine race because they are | easily visible
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| Stone Age tribes (in the sense of cultures untouched by the rest of the world and living in about the same way that they did many generations ago) __ __ in the modern world | don't exist
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| anthropology is __ in that it attempts to understand similarities & differences among human cultures | comparative
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| anthropologists attempt to comprehend the | entire human experience
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| interest in humankind & our closest relations throughout time & in all parts of the world distinguishes anthropology as a __ & __ discipline | scientific; humanistic
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| anthropologists insist we must study people living in many different cultures, times & places in order to | understand humanity
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| separates anthropology from other academic disciplines which generally focus on only one factor | holism
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| societies are increasingly __ rather than __ phenomenon | global; local
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| attempts to describe an entire society/particular set of cultural institutions or practices | ethnographer
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| compare & contrast practices in different cultures to find regularities | ethnologist
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| subfield of cultural anthropology; concerned w/issues of nationalism, citizenship, the state, colonialism, & globalism | political & legal anthropology
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| subfield of cultural anthropology; focused on personal, ethical, & political choices facing humans | humanistic anthropology
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| subfield of cultural anthropology; study of visual representation & the media | visual anthropology
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| cultural anthropologists are often interested in __ & __ the ways in which cultures change | documenting; understanding
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| want to understand how language is structured, how it is learned, & how communication takes place | linguistic anthropologists
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| when we speak, we | perform
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| can turn a serious phrase comic, or a comic phrase serious | inflection
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| ways in which people perform language is the way that they __ & __ the meanings of their words | change; modify
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| understanding __ __ & the relationships between languages helps us to work out the past of the people who speak them | linguistic change
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| more interested in understanding/explaining their finds in terms of what they say about the behavior that produced them | contemporary archaeologists
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| urban archaeologists uncover knowledge of people that has been left out of | history books
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| cultural resource management (CRM) are often employed by | federal, state, & local governments
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| human adaptation is ___, involving both biological & cultural dimensions | biocultural
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| study of human nutrition | osteology
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| statistical study of human population | demography
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| study of patterns of disease | epidemiology
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| biological anthropology is best known for the study of human evolution & biological processes involved in | human adaptation
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| search for origins of humanity using fossil record to trace history of human evolution | paleoanthropologists
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| human species evolved through a complex __ __, involving both biological & cultural factors | feedback system
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| human's unique evolutionary history resulted in development of the biological structure of the __, capable of inventing, learning, & using cultural adaptation | brain
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| has freed humans from slow process of biological adaptation, populations can invent new ways of dealing w/problems almost immediately, or adopt solutions from other societies | cultural adaptation
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| study of the complex relationship between biological & cultural evolution links biological anthropology, __ anthropology, & __ | cultural; archaeology
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| studied for clues that their chemistry, physiology, morphology, & behavior provide about our own species | primates
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| two well-known anthropologists who studied primates in the wild | Jane Goodall & Dian Fossey
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| died in 1985 & worked w/gorillas in Rwanda | Dian Fossey
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| works w/chimpanzees in Tanzania | Jane Goodall
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| generally trained in (1) of (4) disciplines & work w/governments, corporations, & other organizations to use anthropological research techniques to solve social, political, & economic problems | applied anthropologists
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| specialists in each of the subfields of anthropology make contributions to | applied work
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| founded by David Maybury-Lewis | Cultural Survival
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| organization devoted to welfare of indigenous peoples living in the tropical rainforests | Avenir des Peuples des Forets Tropicales/The Future of Tropical Rainforest Peoples
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| grew out of anthropological studies of non-Western societies | mediation
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| establishing the __ __ has often enabled native peoples to gain access to land & resources that historically belonged to them | archaeological record
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| the way an anthropologist demands that we open our eyes & experience the world in new ways | most important aspect of anthropology
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| draw upon social, cultural, biological & linguistic anthropology to better understand those factors that influence health & well-being | medical anthropologists
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| tends to regard diseases as universal entities, regardless of their contexts | modern biomedicine
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| adapt the holistic & ethnographic approaches of anthropology to study of health/disease | medical anthropologists
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| medical anthropologists found that disease/medicine are never __ of particular cultural & historical contest | independent
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| health & disease are ___ socio-cultural & political-economic concepts | fundamentally
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| Arthur Kleinman (psychologist) noted the body connects individual & group experience; implication is that medical ills are closely related to | social problems
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| examined the special facilities for terminally comatose | Sharon R. Kaufman
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| analysis of families w/autistic children | Jules Henry (1973)
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| study of ghost possession | Ruth & Stanley Freed (1985)
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| examined socialization of doctors who specialized in psychiatry in the US; psych training takes either/or approach & residents must decide which way they fall by their 2nd yr | Tanya Luhrmann (2000)
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| anthropology is the conscious attempt to allow people to see | beyond its bounds
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| all of us use __ anthropology when we bring understandings & insight to bear on problems of poverty, education, war & peace | applied
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| __ __ of anthropology is to demonstrate importance & variability of culture in human societies | major contribution
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| ethnocentrism is | maladaptive
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| transformation from ethnocentrism to racism underlies much of the structural __ that characterizes modern history | inequality
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| maintain that for the sake of scientific accuracy, anthropologists must suspend judgment on order to understand the logic & dynamics of other cultures | cultural relativists
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| researchers who view actions of other people in terms of degree to which they correspond to observer's notions of right/wrong systematically __ the cultures they study | distort
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| notion that because no universal standard of behaviors exists people should not judge behaviors as good/evil | moral relativism
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| by becoming aware of __ __ we are able to see ourselves as others see us & use that knowledge to make constructive changes in our own society | cultural alternatives
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| compared w/other closely related species the human species shows extremely low levels of __ & __ diversity | morphological; serological
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| skeletal | morphological
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| blood type | serological
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| systems of __ __ reflect history and social hierarchy rather than biology | racial classification
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| __ & __ are realities, but are not rooted in biological differences between people | racism; prejudice
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| arbitrary selection of traits used to define race; inability to adequately describe within-species variation through use of racial categories; repeated independent evolution of so-called racial characteristics in populations w/no genetic relationship | 3 problems w/ notion of biological race
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| there is no way to weight importance of any __ in determining racial classification | trait
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| schemes of racial classifications select very __ numbers of traits & ignore others | small
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| measured __, you are about as different from another person of your race as you are from another person of a different race | genetically
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| most theories of race assume that people who share similar __ __ share similar origins | racial characteristics
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| due to __the groups anthropologists are working w/have been pushed into smaller land & decimated by disease & exploited by corps/government/tourists | globalization
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| globalization has changed the way in which anthropologists work & write, focusing on the particular unique __ between those they study & the rest of the world | exchanges
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| anthropology is the __ __ that focuses on understanding other groups of people | university discipline
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| anthropologists can look at culture simply as a __ __ of everything humans have done, thought, created & believed | sum total
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| in the 1940s __ __ listed 77 characteristics that he believed were common to all cultures | George Murdock
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| notes that human universals are very diverse & there is likely no single explanation for them | Brown
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| thinking about ___ among cultures may guide us in our attempt to understand human nature | commonalities
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| culture is a set of behaviors, beliefs, understandings, objects, & ways of interacting that enable a group to __ w/greater/lesser success & greater/lesser longevity | survive
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| problems that the world today faces are the result of our attempt to live together as a __ on this planet | group
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| excessive pride/confidence that leads to both arrogance & insolence toward others | hubris
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| implies a humble striving for perfection along with the realization that such perfection cannot be reached | arete
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| members of industrialized cultures had reached virtually every group of people in the world by the time of | WWI
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| British organization that promotes interests of native peoples, reports that today there are about 70 tribes that choose to reject contact w/outsiders | Survival International
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| groups are neither unknown or undiscovered; contact w/neighboring tribes, or members have visited the outside world; composed of descendants of survivors of bloody/violent contact w/outside world in 19th-20th centuries | "uncontacted"
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| members of uncontacted tribes are people who __ of the outside world & choose to flee from it | know
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