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Anthr. & Human Diver
Chapter 1 - ANT2410
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| comparative study of human societies & cultures | anthropology |
| an approach that considers culture, history, language, & biology essential to a complete understanding of human society | holistic/holism |
| learned behaviors & symbols allowing people to live in groups; primary means by which humans adapt to their environments; way of life characteristic of a particular human society | culture |
| group of people who depend on one another for survival/well-being, as well as relationships among such people, incl. status/role | society |
| description of a society/culture | ethnography |
| examining society using concepts, categories, & distinctions that are meaningful to members of that culture | emic |
| examining society using concepts, categories, & rules derived from science; outsider's perspective, which produces analyses that members of society being studied may not find meaningful | etic |
| attempt to find general principles/laws that govern cultural phenomenon | ethnology |
| study of human thought, meaning, & behavior that is learned rather than genetically transmitted, & that is typical of groups of people | cultural anthropology |
| description of the cultural past based on written records, interviews, & archeology | ethnohistory |
| branch of linguistics concerned w/understanding language & its relation to culture | linguistic anthropology |
| study relationships among languages to better understand the histories/migrations of those who speak them | historical linguistics |
| sub-discipline of anthropology; focuses on reconstruction of past cultures based on their material remains | archaeology |
| societies for which we have no usable written records | prehistoric |
| any object made/modified by human beings; generally used to refer to objects made by past cultures | artifact |
| archeological investigation of towns & cities as well as process of urbanization | urban archeology |
| protection & management of archeological, archival, & architectural resources | cultural resource management (CRM) |
| sub-discipline of anthropology; studies people from a biological perspective, primarily aspects of humankind that are genetically inherited | biological anthropology |
| biological anthropology is also called __ anthropology | physical |
| __ anthropology includes osteology, nutrition, demography, epidemiology, & primatology | biological |
| sub-discipline of anthropology; concerned w/tracing evolution of humankind in the fossil record | paleoanthroplogy |
| sub-discipline of anthropology; map & explaining physiological differences among modern human groups & attempt to explain the sources of diversity | human variation |
| member of biological order of mammals that incl. human beings, apes, & monkeys as well as prosimians (lemurs, tarsiers, & others) | primate |
| subfield of cultural anthropology; concerned w/experience of disease as well as its distribution, prevention & treatments, with regarding to its understanding & treatment in different cultures | medical anthropology |
| application of anthropology to solution of human problems | applied anthropology |
| societies that have occupied a regions for a long time & are recognized by other groups as its original (or very ancient) inhabitants | indigenous people |
| application of biological anthropology to identification of skeletalized/badly decomposed human remains | forensic anthropology |
| judging other cultures from perspective of one's own culture; notion that one's own culture is more beautiful, rational, & nearer to perfection than any other | ethnocentrism |
| situation where social/moral norms are confused/entirely absent; often caused by rapid social change | anomie |
| belief that some human populations are superior to others because of inherited, genetically transmitted characteristics | racism |
| notion that cultures should be analyzed w/reference to their own histories & values, in terms of the cultural whole, rather than according to values of another culture | cultural relativism |
| notion that all human groups have the same biological & mental capabilities | biopsychological equality |
| One of the critical goals of cultural anthropology as an academic discipline is to __, __ & __ different cultures | describe; analyze; explain |
| The attitude toward magic and ritual among the Nacirema indicates that __ & __ can be found in a wide variety of cultures | magic; ritual |
| The work of anthropologists has helped to __ & __ our tendency towards ethnocentrism | challenge; correct |
| Traits such as skin color, hair color and texture, and nose shape are often chosen to determine race because they are | easily visible |
| Stone Age tribes (in the sense of cultures untouched by the rest of the world and living in about the same way that they did many generations ago) __ __ in the modern world | don't exist |
| anthropology is __ in that it attempts to understand similarities & differences among human cultures | comparative |
| anthropologists attempt to comprehend the | entire human experience |
| interest in humankind & our closest relations throughout time & in all parts of the world distinguishes anthropology as a __ & __ discipline | scientific; humanistic |
| anthropologists insist we must study people living in many different cultures, times & places in order to | understand humanity |
| separates anthropology from other academic disciplines which generally focus on only one factor | holism |
| societies are increasingly __ rather than __ phenomenon | global; local |
| attempts to describe an entire society/particular set of cultural institutions or practices | ethnographer |
| compare & contrast practices in different cultures to find regularities | ethnologist |
| subfield of cultural anthropology; concerned w/issues of nationalism, citizenship, the state, colonialism, & globalism | political & legal anthropology |
| subfield of cultural anthropology; focused on personal, ethical, & political choices facing humans | humanistic anthropology |
| subfield of cultural anthropology; study of visual representation & the media | visual anthropology |
| cultural anthropologists are often interested in __ & __ the ways in which cultures change | documenting; understanding |
| want to understand how language is structured, how it is learned, & how communication takes place | linguistic anthropologists |
| when we speak, we | perform |
| can turn a serious phrase comic, or a comic phrase serious | inflection |
| ways in which people perform language is the way that they __ & __ the meanings of their words | change; modify |
| understanding __ __ & the relationships between languages helps us to work out the past of the people who speak them | linguistic change |
| more interested in understanding/explaining their finds in terms of what they say about the behavior that produced them | contemporary archaeologists |
| urban archaeologists uncover knowledge of people that has been left out of | history books |
| cultural resource management (CRM) are often employed by | federal, state, & local governments |
| human adaptation is ___, involving both biological & cultural dimensions | biocultural |
| study of human nutrition | osteology |
| statistical study of human population | demography |
| study of patterns of disease | epidemiology |
| biological anthropology is best known for the study of human evolution & biological processes involved in | human adaptation |
| search for origins of humanity using fossil record to trace history of human evolution | paleoanthropologists |
| human species evolved through a complex __ __, involving both biological & cultural factors | feedback system |
| human's unique evolutionary history resulted in development of the biological structure of the __, capable of inventing, learning, & using cultural adaptation | brain |
| has freed humans from slow process of biological adaptation, populations can invent new ways of dealing w/problems almost immediately, or adopt solutions from other societies | cultural adaptation |
| study of the complex relationship between biological & cultural evolution links biological anthropology, __ anthropology, & __ | cultural; archaeology |
| studied for clues that their chemistry, physiology, morphology, & behavior provide about our own species | primates |
| two well-known anthropologists who studied primates in the wild | Jane Goodall & Dian Fossey |
| died in 1985 & worked w/gorillas in Rwanda | Dian Fossey |
| works w/chimpanzees in Tanzania | Jane Goodall |
| generally trained in (1) of (4) disciplines & work w/governments, corporations, & other organizations to use anthropological research techniques to solve social, political, & economic problems | applied anthropologists |
| specialists in each of the subfields of anthropology make contributions to | applied work |
| founded by David Maybury-Lewis | Cultural Survival |
| organization devoted to welfare of indigenous peoples living in the tropical rainforests | Avenir des Peuples des Forets Tropicales/The Future of Tropical Rainforest Peoples |
| grew out of anthropological studies of non-Western societies | mediation |
| establishing the __ __ has often enabled native peoples to gain access to land & resources that historically belonged to them | archaeological record |
| the way an anthropologist demands that we open our eyes & experience the world in new ways | most important aspect of anthropology |
| draw upon social, cultural, biological & linguistic anthropology to better understand those factors that influence health & well-being | medical anthropologists |
| tends to regard diseases as universal entities, regardless of their contexts | modern biomedicine |
| adapt the holistic & ethnographic approaches of anthropology to study of health/disease | medical anthropologists |
| medical anthropologists found that disease/medicine are never __ of particular cultural & historical contest | independent |
| health & disease are ___ socio-cultural & political-economic concepts | fundamentally |
| Arthur Kleinman (psychologist) noted the body connects individual & group experience; implication is that medical ills are closely related to | social problems |
| examined the special facilities for terminally comatose | Sharon R. Kaufman |
| analysis of families w/autistic children | Jules Henry (1973) |
| study of ghost possession | Ruth & Stanley Freed (1985) |
| examined socialization of doctors who specialized in psychiatry in the US; psych training takes either/or approach & residents must decide which way they fall by their 2nd yr | Tanya Luhrmann (2000) |
| anthropology is the conscious attempt to allow people to see | beyond its bounds |
| all of us use __ anthropology when we bring understandings & insight to bear on problems of poverty, education, war & peace | applied |
| __ __ of anthropology is to demonstrate importance & variability of culture in human societies | major contribution |
| ethnocentrism is | maladaptive |
| transformation from ethnocentrism to racism underlies much of the structural __ that characterizes modern history | inequality |
| maintain that for the sake of scientific accuracy, anthropologists must suspend judgment on order to understand the logic & dynamics of other cultures | cultural relativists |
| researchers who view actions of other people in terms of degree to which they correspond to observer's notions of right/wrong systematically __ the cultures they study | distort |
| notion that because no universal standard of behaviors exists people should not judge behaviors as good/evil | moral relativism |
| by becoming aware of __ __ we are able to see ourselves as others see us & use that knowledge to make constructive changes in our own society | cultural alternatives |
| compared w/other closely related species the human species shows extremely low levels of __ & __ diversity | morphological; serological |
| skeletal | morphological |
| blood type | serological |
| systems of __ __ reflect history and social hierarchy rather than biology | racial classification |
| __ & __ are realities, but are not rooted in biological differences between people | racism; prejudice |
| arbitrary selection of traits used to define race; inability to adequately describe within-species variation through use of racial categories; repeated independent evolution of so-called racial characteristics in populations w/no genetic relationship | 3 problems w/ notion of biological race |
| there is no way to weight importance of any __ in determining racial classification | trait |
| schemes of racial classifications select very __ numbers of traits & ignore others | small |
| measured __, you are about as different from another person of your race as you are from another person of a different race | genetically |
| most theories of race assume that people who share similar __ __ share similar origins | racial characteristics |
| due to __the groups anthropologists are working w/have been pushed into smaller land & decimated by disease & exploited by corps/government/tourists | globalization |
| globalization has changed the way in which anthropologists work & write, focusing on the particular unique __ between those they study & the rest of the world | exchanges |
| anthropology is the __ __ that focuses on understanding other groups of people | university discipline |
| anthropologists can look at culture simply as a __ __ of everything humans have done, thought, created & believed | sum total |
| in the 1940s __ __ listed 77 characteristics that he believed were common to all cultures | George Murdock |
| notes that human universals are very diverse & there is likely no single explanation for them | Brown |
| thinking about ___ among cultures may guide us in our attempt to understand human nature | commonalities |
| culture is a set of behaviors, beliefs, understandings, objects, & ways of interacting that enable a group to __ w/greater/lesser success & greater/lesser longevity | survive |
| problems that the world today faces are the result of our attempt to live together as a __ on this planet | group |
| excessive pride/confidence that leads to both arrogance & insolence toward others | hubris |
| implies a humble striving for perfection along with the realization that such perfection cannot be reached | arete |
| members of industrialized cultures had reached virtually every group of people in the world by the time of | WWI |
| British organization that promotes interests of native peoples, reports that today there are about 70 tribes that choose to reject contact w/outsiders | Survival International |
| groups are neither unknown or undiscovered; contact w/neighboring tribes, or members have visited the outside world; composed of descendants of survivors of bloody/violent contact w/outside world in 19th-20th centuries | "uncontacted" |
| members of uncontacted tribes are people who __ of the outside world & choose to flee from it | know |
Created by:
lfrancois
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