a&p chap 2 Chem
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| Chemistry in Anatomy and Physiology | body functions depend on cellular functionscellular functions result from chemical change
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| Matter | anything that takes up space and has weight; composed of elements
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| Chemical elements | substances that cannot be broken down by chemical means into simpler substancesExamples: carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
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| Atoms | Smallest particle of an element
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| Atomic Structure | Atoms composed of subotomic particles
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| Protons | carry a positive charge p = protons
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| Nuetrons | carry a charge n = neutrons
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| Electrons | carry a negative charge pink dot = electrons
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| Nucleus | composed of protons and neutronselectrons move around it
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| Atomic Number | number of protons in the nucleus of one atomeach element has a unique atomic numberequals the number of electrons in the atom
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| Atomic Mass | the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom electrons do no contribute to the weight of the atom
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| Molecules | particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combine
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| Compound | particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine
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| Chemical formulas | depict the element present and the number of each atom present in the molecule
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| Electrons | found in regions of space called orbitals(energy cells)each shell can hold a limited number of electrons. Lower shells are filled first. If the outermose shell is full, the atom is stable.
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| For atoms with atomic numbers of 18 or less | the first shell can hold up to 2 electronsthe second shell can hold up to 8 electrons the third shell can hold up to 8 electrons
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| Ions | atom that ha gained or lost an electron(s), electrically charged, atoms form ions to become stable
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| Ionci Bond | an attraction between positive and negative ions
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| Ionic compounds | dissociate when tehy dissolve in water. Called electrolytes because they can conduct eletrical current in water
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| Composition and concentration of electrolytes | must be kept within normal limits for normal body function
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| Covalent Bond | formed when atoms share electrons
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| Structural Formulas | show how atoms bond and are arranged in various molecules
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| Inorganic Molecules | generally do not contain C. Usually smaller than organic molecules. Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts.
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| Organic Molecules | Contain C and H. Usually larger than inorganic molecules. Charbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
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| Water H2O | two-thirds of the weight of an adult human
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| Oxygen O2 | used by organelles to release energy from nutrients
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| Carbon dioxide CO2 | waste product released during metabolic reactions
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| Inorganic Salts Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+ | abundant in body fluids and cells. Many metabolic processes
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| Electrolytes | substances that release ions in water NaCl -> Na+ + Cl-
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| Acids | electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water. HCl-> H+ + Cl-
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| Bases | substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions. NaOH -> Na+ + OH-
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| Salts | electrolytes fromed by the reaction between an acid and a base. HCl + NaOH --> H2O + NaCl
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| pH scale | concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions
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| Acidic | pH less than 7; greater concentration of H+
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| Neutral | pH 7; equal concentrations of H+ and OH-
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| Alkaline | pH greater than 7; greater concentration of OH-
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| Buffers | chemical or chemicals that cn either pick up or release H+ to keep a solution's pH constant. Maintain normal pH of body fluids. Needed because slight pH changes can be harmful to body cells
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| 4 main types of biological macromolecules | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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| Carbohydrates | provide energy to cells, supply materials to build cell structures, water soluble, contain C, H, and O. ratio of H to O close to 2:1 (C6H12O6)
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| 3 main types of carbohydrates | monosaccharides = glucose and frutose, disaccharides = sucrose and lactose, polysaccharies = glycogen and cellulose
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| Monosaccharides (simple sugars) | simplest carbohydrates. Glucos is major fuel for cells. Fructose and galactose are 6-C simple sugars found in foods
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| Disaccharides | formed by chemically combining 2 monosaccharides. Maltose, sucrose, and lactose
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| Polysaccharides | fromed by chemically combining many monosaccharides. Glocogen: animal carbohydrate storage. Starch: plant carbohydrate storage
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| Lipids | soluble in organic solvents. Fats (triglycerides) used for energy and cell membranes. Contain C, H and O but less O than carbohydrates
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| Saturated fats | animal triglycerides or fats. All C-C bonds are single bonds. Solid at room temperature. Examples: butter and lard
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| Unsaturated fats | Plant triglycerides or oils. One or more doulde C-C bonds. Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated. Examples: olive oil and corn oil
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| Phospholipids | phosphate replaces a fatty acid. Major components of cell membranes
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| Sterols | component of cell membrane. Basis for some hormones
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| Proteins | structural material, receptors, enzymes, antibodies, building blocks are amino acids, held together with peptide bonds.
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| Condensation Synthesis | water is removed when bond is formed
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| hydrolysis | water is added when bond is formed
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| Catalyst | chemical that speeds reaction by is not part of the reaction (and is not changed by the reaction)
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| Enzymes | brings together the substrates and allow them to react more easily
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| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | modified nucleotide with adenosin and 3 phosphates. Temporarily stores energy extracted from nutrients by cells. Only molecule to provide immediate energy to keep cellular processes going (powers chemical reactions)
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| ATP | its abilities are due to the alternating formation and breakage of high-energy phosphate bonds
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