Microbiolog Quiz 3
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| Two examples of toxins formed in foods | 1) clostridium botulsm
2) S. aureus enterotoxin
don't need organism in these to get disease.
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| Two examples of toxin formed in gut | 1) infant botulism (from honey)
2) cholera toxin-vibrio cholera.
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| Which clostridia disease is invasive? | Clostridium perfringens (the others are all non-invasive).
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| Which clostridia causes flaccid paralysis? | botulism-block acetylcholine.
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| Which clostridia causes spastic paralysis? | tetanus (lock jaw)-inhibit GABA/glycine.
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| Are botulism spores heat labile? What about anthrax spores? | Yes for botulism, no for anthrax.
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| what causes pseudomembranous colitis? | C. difficile (antibiotic associated diarrhea) Enterotoxin A/B.
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| Name 3 pathogenic features/toxins of clostridia perfringens | 1) Lecithinase (alpha toxin)-damage cell membrane.
2) Collagenase
3) Hyaluronidase.
(see gas-crepitus)
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| Which infections are typically mixed, anaerobic or aerobic? | anaerobic
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| What do you treat bacteroides fragilis with? | non-penicillin (as it is resistant). --so all infections below the waste should not get penicillin. New cephalosporins are recommended.
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| what 2 anaerobes cause more than 80% of anaerobic septicemias? | bacteroides fragilis and clostridia perfringens
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| What is the major virulence factor in bacteroides fragilis? | capsule
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| Where are prevotella melaninogenicus found? | most common in oral infections. Also in genital infections.
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| What do prevotella require to grow? | no oxygen and need hemin.
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| Where are fusobacterium found? | oral infections, lung abscess, pleuropulmonary infections.
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| Where are diptheroids found? | skin-frequent blood culture contaminant. Can cause endocarditis in compromised patients.
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| Where are lactobacillus found? | intestine/vagina.
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| Where are actinomyces found? | mouth and GI tract. "BRANCHING RODS" Have sulfur granules.
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| Where are peptostreptococcus found? | mouth, urogenital, GI tract.
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| What can happen when you have bacterial overgrowth in the small bowel? | can lead to fat malabsorption and vitamin B12 deficiency.
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| Name 5 common aerobic mouth flora | 1) Streptococcus viridans.
2) Neisseria-non pathogenic.
3) Diptheroids
4) Staph epidermidis.
5) Eikenella corrodens (think human bites).
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| What is the most common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis? | Strep viridans
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| What are the 2 most common contaminants of blood cultures? | S. epidermidis and diptheroids
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| 4 common anaerobes in the mouth | 1) Prevotella
2) Fusobacterium
3) Peptostreptococcus
4) Actinomyces
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| What bacteria are in the trachea? | none-nearly bacteria free in healthy people (same is true of stomach and upper small intestine)
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| 4 Most common intestinal bacteria | 1) bacteroides-form ammonia.
2) Lactobacilli
3) Clostridia
4) Coliforms and Enterococcus
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| 5 most common skin bacteria | 1) Staph epidermidis
2) S. aureus
3) Diptheroids
4) Proprionibacterium (acne)
5) Peptococcus
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| What are the 3 most important Staph species? | 1) Staph aureus-coagulase positive (others are both negative)
2) Staph epidermidis
3) Staph saprophyticus
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| Which is catalase positive-Staph or Strep? | Staph
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| What kind of staph toxins cause food borne diarrhea? | enterotoxins
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| What causes scaled skin syndrome? | staph-exfoliatins
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| 7 staph toxins | 1)alpha toxin-lyse host cell membrane
2) leukocidins-kill leukocytes
3) proteases
4) coagulase (staph a only)
5) staphylokinase-lyse clots
6) hyaluronidase-dissolve hyaluronic acid
7) lipase
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| name 4 ways staph has to evade host immune responses: | 1) protein A-bind IgG on wrong end, stop complement from fixing.
2) enterotoxins-blunt host T cell response
3) capsule
4) Eap (Map)-surface protein that impairs neutrophils.
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| Is Staph enterotoxin heat stabile? | yes. Compare to botulism toxin that is not!
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| How do you destinguish S. epidermidis from S. saprophyticus? | S. epidermidis is sensitive to novobiocin.
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| What are the M proteins of Strep pyogenes? | Fimbriae
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| 7 disease of Strep A | 1) puerperal fever
2) acute pharyngitis/tonsilitis "strep throat" sequelae can be rheumatic fever
3) Scarlet fever
4) Impetigo-skin in children (also see with staph)
5) Erysipelis-cellulitis
6) TSS (also staph)
7)necrotizing faciitis
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| What exotoxin causes Scarlet fever? | SpeA, B, C. (also cause toxic shock)
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| Is Group A strep invasive? | yes
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| 3 strep A products that aid invasiveness. | 1) Streptolysins (O can't be in oxygen, S type can). Both hemolytic.
2) Streptokinase-trigger proteolysis of fibrin clots.
3) DNAase
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| 2 Strep A factors that help avoid phagocytosis? | 1) capsule
2) protein M (also helps with adherence)
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| 2 sequelae of Strep A infections | 1) Rheumatic Fever-molecular mimicry
2) Acute glomerulonephritis (complexes)
Remember can't find strep A in either of these tissues--just the immunology that mediates.
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| How do you determine the difference between Strep A and B infections? | A is sensitive to bacitracin.
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| What is the best treatment for Strep A infections? | Penicillin.
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| What does Group B (Strep agalactiae) cause? | Neonatal infections.
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| What do group D (Enterococcus faecalis) cause? | UTI
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| What is the most frequent cause of infective endocarditis? | Alpha-hemoyltic strep. (viridans)
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| Describe the morphology of Strep pneumoniae | diplococci.
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| how do you determine the difference between Strep viridans and strep pneumonia? | optochin sensitivity of pneumococcus. (also have large capsule)
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| how does listeria monocytogenes get from cell to cell? | polymerize host actin to power intracellular motility. Can evade antibody in the extracellular fluid. (same as shigella)
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| How does anthrax exotoxin get into cells? | with the help of protective antigen. (lethal factor and edema factor)
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| What does yersinia pestis (plague) need for virulence? | capsule (transmission via fleas) See bubonic and pneumonic plague types.
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| How do you get franciscella tularensis (tularemia)? | tick bite, rabbits (eating or hand contact)
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| Brucella is a disease of what system in humans? | reticuloendothelial system
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| 3 groups of spirochetes that cause disease | 1) Treponema-syphillis, yaws, pinta
2) Borrelia-Lyme disease
3) Leptospira
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| Can Treponema pallidum be cultured? | no--but can be mobile in rich media or in testicular tissue of rabbits.
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| What non-specific test is done to look for syphilis? | VDRL-flocculation with cardiolipin.
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| What specific tests can be done after the non-specific test? | FTA-ABS, ELISA, TPI.
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| What antibiotic should be used for syphillis? | penicillin
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| How do you grow Borrelia? (cause of relapse fever or lyme disease) | on chick embryo
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