chapter 26 homework

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Term

Definition

Aldosterone-sensitive portions of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct allow for the exchange of which ions? (Figure 26-13)

reabsorption of sodium ions in exchange for potassium ions

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Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

proximal convoluted tubule.

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A glomerulus is

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

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Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except

increase the glomerular filtration rate.

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The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement.

floating kidney

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Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called ________ nephrons.

juxtamedullary

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Which of these statements about the detrusor muscle is FALSE?

It moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis.

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Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal

calculi

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The filtration of plasma takes place in the

renal corpuscle.

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ADH creates a (small or large) volume of (dilute or concentrated) urine. (Figure 26-15)

small; concentrated

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The ________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate.

creatinine clearance

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A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following except

increased fluid retention.

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If the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation, then how is it that you have voluntary control of when you choose to urinate?

The external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control. When it is voluntarily relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter will open, allowing the flow of urine.

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Each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree except the ________ system.

endocrine

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The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves all of the following except

obligatory water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.

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The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

transitional

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Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except

stem cell movements.

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Immediate local responses of the kidney to changes in blood flow to maintain GFR occur via

autoregulation.

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The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

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The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle) in the juxtamedullary nephrons.

vasa recta

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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________.

a decrease in urine volume but an increase in solute concentration

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Which of the following is a not a true statement regarding the countercurrent multiplication system?

Osmotic concentration in the nephron loop decreases as fluid flows toward the bottom of the loop.

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The urinary system does all of the following except

excreting excess albumin molecules.

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All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are

located partly within the pelvic cavity.

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The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the

glomerular filtration rate.

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The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

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The process of filtration is driven mainly by

blood hydrostatic pressure.

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The process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called

secretion.

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One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________.

protein

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Urine is temporarily stored in the

urinary bladder.

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Antidiuretic hormone

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

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The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the

trigone.

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The ________ is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound will begin appearing in the urine.

renal threshold

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The functional units of kidneys where blood is filtered and urine produced are called

nephrons.

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Which structure of the kidney functions to reabsorb nutrients from the filtrate?

the proximal convoluted tubule

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A transport mechanism that can move a substance against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy is

active transport.

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What structure connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule? (Figure 26-6)

nephron loop

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The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

distal convoluted tubule.

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The process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient.

facilitated diffusion

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Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium?

aldosterone

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Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the

urethra.

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The region of the nephron containing intercalated cells primarily associated with pH balance is the

collecting duct.

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Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________.

afferent arterioles

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The detrusor muscle

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

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Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the

rectum

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Which of these is NOT considered to be part of the excretory system?

cardiovascular system

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The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

papillary duct

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Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are

peritubular capillaries.

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In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

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The majority of water is reabsorbed by osmosis in the

proximal convoluted tubule.

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Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

the ureters.

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The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the

juxtaglomerular complex.

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The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of which three layers?

fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and podocyte filtration slits

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Reabsorbed water and solutes enter into the

peritubular fluid.

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The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

hilum.

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In the renal corpuscle, the visceral layer is a layer of specialized cells called

podocytes

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Urea

________ is the most abundant organic waste.

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One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

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The outermost layer of the kidney is the

fibrous capsule.

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When the bladder is full, urine is eliminated through the process known as

micturition

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The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

renal pelvis.

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Renal columns are

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

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Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole that secrete renin are called

juxtaglomerular cells.

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The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

renal pelvis.

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Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

efferent arteriole.

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Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine?

large proteins

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An important structure for blood pressure regulation is the

juxtaglomerular complex.

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The final composition of urine is represented by which of the following statements?

Urine = substances filtered - substances reabsorbed + substances secreted.

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Eighty percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops.

cortex

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Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle.

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Which of the following substances should not be filtered (because it should be too large to pass through the filtration membrane)?

proteins

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What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance travels during filtration? 1. filtration slit (slit pore) 2. capsular space 3. basement membrane 4. fenestrated endothelium

4, 3, 1, 2

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A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

absence of ADH.

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In which region of the kidney is a glomerulus located? (Figure 26-5)

renal cortex

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The majority of renal innervation is by the

sympathetic nervous system.

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Functions of the urinary system include all of the following except

Excess release of natriuretic peptides would cause

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Excess release of natriuretic peptides would cause

a large volume of dilute urine.

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The region known as the macula densa is part of

the distal convoluted tubule.

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The main site for water reabsorption along the nephron is the __________.

proximal convoluted tubule

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All of the following would result in an increase in renin release except

increased blood volume.

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Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?

It is the tip of the medullary pyramid.

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Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process?

A higher sodium concentration is produced in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine.

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The ureters extend from the __________.

renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

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