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Stack #4153771
chapter 26 homework
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aldosterone-sensitive portions of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct allow for the exchange of which ions? (Figure 26-13) | reabsorption of sodium ions in exchange for potassium ions |
| Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the | proximal convoluted tubule. |
| A glomerulus is | a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. |
| Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except | increase the glomerular filtration rate. |
| The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement. | floating kidney |
| Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called ________ nephrons. | juxtamedullary |
| Which of these statements about the detrusor muscle is FALSE? | It moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis. |
| Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal | calculi |
| The filtration of plasma takes place in the | renal corpuscle. |
| ADH creates a (small or large) volume of (dilute or concentrated) urine. (Figure 26-15) | small; concentrated |
| The ________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate. | creatinine clearance |
| A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following except | increased fluid retention. |
| If the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation, then how is it that you have voluntary control of when you choose to urinate? | The external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control. When it is voluntarily relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter will open, allowing the flow of urine. |
| Each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree except the ________ system. | endocrine |
| The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves all of the following except | obligatory water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule. |
| The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. | transitional |
| Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except | stem cell movements. |
| Immediate local responses of the kidney to changes in blood flow to maintain GFR occur via | autoregulation. |
| The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is | glomerular hydrostatic pressure. |
| The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle) in the juxtamedullary nephrons. | vasa recta |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________. | a decrease in urine volume but an increase in solute concentration |
| Which of the following is a not a true statement regarding the countercurrent multiplication system? | Osmotic concentration in the nephron loop decreases as fluid flows toward the bottom of the loop. |
| The urinary system does all of the following except | excreting excess albumin molecules. |
| All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are | located partly within the pelvic cavity. |
| The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the | glomerular filtration rate. |
| The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is | reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water. |
| The process of filtration is driven mainly by | blood hydrostatic pressure. |
| The process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called | secretion. |
| One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________. | protein |
| Urine is temporarily stored in the | urinary bladder. |
| Antidiuretic hormone | increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. |
| The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the | trigone. |
| The ________ is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound will begin appearing in the urine. | renal threshold |
| The functional units of kidneys where blood is filtered and urine produced are called | nephrons. |
| Which structure of the kidney functions to reabsorb nutrients from the filtrate? | the proximal convoluted tubule |
| A transport mechanism that can move a substance against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy is | active transport. |
| What structure connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule? (Figure 26-6) | nephron loop |
| The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the | distal convoluted tubule. |
| The process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient. | facilitated diffusion |
| Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium? | aldosterone |
| Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the | urethra. |
| The region of the nephron containing intercalated cells primarily associated with pH balance is the | collecting duct. |
| Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________. | afferent arterioles |
| The detrusor muscle | compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. |
| Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the | rectum |
| Which of these is NOT considered to be part of the excretory system? | cardiovascular system |
| The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. | papillary duct |
| Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are | peritubular capillaries. |
| In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce | urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. |
| The majority of water is reabsorbed by osmosis in the | proximal convoluted tubule. |
| Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by | the ureters. |
| The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the | juxtaglomerular complex. |
| The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of which three layers? | fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and podocyte filtration slits |
| Reabsorbed water and solutes enter into the | peritubular fluid. |
| The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the | hilum. |
| In the renal corpuscle, the visceral layer is a layer of specialized cells called | podocytes |
| Urea | ________ is the most abundant organic waste. |
| One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to | increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. |
| The outermost layer of the kidney is the | fibrous capsule. |
| When the bladder is full, urine is eliminated through the process known as | micturition |
| The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the | renal pelvis. |
| Renal columns are | bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. |
| Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole that secrete renin are called | juxtaglomerular cells. |
| The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the | renal pelvis. |
| Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the | efferent arteriole. |
| Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine? | large proteins |
| An important structure for blood pressure regulation is the | juxtaglomerular complex. |
| The final composition of urine is represented by which of the following statements? | Urine = substances filtered - substances reabsorbed + substances secreted. |
| Eighty percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops. | cortex |
| Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the | renal corpuscle. |
| Which of the following substances should not be filtered (because it should be too large to pass through the filtration membrane)? | proteins |
| What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance travels during filtration? 1. filtration slit (slit pore) 2. capsular space 3. basement membrane 4. fenestrated endothelium | 4, 3, 1, 2 |
| A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to | absence of ADH. |
| In which region of the kidney is a glomerulus located? (Figure 26-5) | renal cortex |
| The majority of renal innervation is by the | sympathetic nervous system. |
| Functions of the urinary system include all of the following except | Excess release of natriuretic peptides would cause |
| Excess release of natriuretic peptides would cause | a large volume of dilute urine. |
| The region known as the macula densa is part of | the distal convoluted tubule. |
| The main site for water reabsorption along the nephron is the __________. | proximal convoluted tubule |
| All of the following would result in an increase in renin release except | increased blood volume. |
| Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla? | It is the tip of the medullary pyramid. |
| Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process? | A higher sodium concentration is produced in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine. |
| The ureters extend from the __________. | renal pelvis to the urinary bladder |
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brina192