Nutrition, blood, cardiovascular system
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| total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body | show 🗑
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| show | catabolism
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| show | anabolism
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| energy in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins is used to produce _____ | show 🗑
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| show | Anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration
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| 2 step of anaerobic respiration | show 🗑
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| 3 steps of aerobic respiration | show 🗑
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| Glycolysis involves producing _______ from 1 glucose molecule | show 🗑
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| Kreb's cycle involves producing ________ from 2 pyruvates (from glycolysis) | show 🗑
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| show | 32-34 ATP, 6H2O
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| Fatty acids undergo _______ and enter the cycle known as ________ | show 🗑
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| show | Ketone bodies
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| Ketone bodies may build up causing: | show 🗑
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| show | deamination
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| deamination is the removal of _____ group | show 🗑
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| deamination produces ______ that must be converted to urea for excretion | show 🗑
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| show | kidneys
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| show | fat
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| Results from a deficiency in an enzyme involved in catabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine | show 🗑
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| A high level of ________ interferes with normal development of nervous system and severe mental retardation may result | show 🗑
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| show | glycogenesis
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| show | Lipogenesis
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| show | Glycogenolysis
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| show | Gluconeogenesis
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| show | absorptive state and postabsorptive state
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| show | Absorptive state
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| Occurs after absorptive state when blood glucose levels must be maintained by conversion of other molecules to glucose | show 🗑
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| show | Metabolic rate
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| Metabolic rate correlates with amount of _____ used | show 🗑
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| energy used at rest | show 🗑
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| basal metabolic rate makes up ~ ___% of metabolic rate | show 🗑
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| energy used to digest and absorb food | show 🗑
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| thermic effect of food makes up ~ __ % of metabolic rate | show 🗑
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| show | muscular activity
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| show | 30
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| show | Nutrients
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| show | macronutrients and micronutrients
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| Required in large amounts | show 🗑
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| show | Micronutrients
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| Examples of macronutrients (4) | show 🗑
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| Examples of micronutrients (2) | show 🗑
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| show | Essential nutrient
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| Some essential nutrients are: (6) | show 🗑
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| show | Kilocalories (Calories)
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| RDA for carbohydrates | show 🗑
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| show | plants
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| 3 classes of carbohydrates | show 🗑
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| show | disaccharides, polysaccharides
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| show | 30% or less of daily intake
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| show | triglycerides (fats) and cholesterol
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| show | triglycerides
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| show | saturated fats and unsaturated fats
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| Examples of saturated fats | show 🗑
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| show | Vegetable oils
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| Found in liver and egg yolks, but will be made from triglycerides | show 🗑
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| Essential fatty acids found in seeds, nuts, legumes, grains, and green leaves | show 🗑
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| RDA of proteins | show 🗑
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| show | Amino acids
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| Proteins that contain all of the necessary amino acids | show 🗑
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| Examples of complete proteins | show 🗑
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| Organic nutrients required in small amounts to make enzymes function and maintain growth and normal metabolism | show 🗑
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| show | essential
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| two classes of vitamins | show 🗑
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| show | Fat-soluble vitamins
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| show | Water-soluble vitamins
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| Examples of fat-soluble vitamins | show 🗑
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| show | B, C, etc.
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| show | Antioxidants
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| Inorganic elements necessary for normal metabolism | show 🗑
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| Minerals are obtained from | show 🗑
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| Some minerals attached to _____ are difficult to absorb | show 🗑
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| show | Nerve conduction, osmotic balance, bone/teeth structure, buffering systems, hemoglobin structure
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| show | Heart, blood vessels, blood
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| show | Heart
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| System of tubes that distribute blood throughout body | show 🗑
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| Liquid that carries oxygen, nutrients, wastes, etc. to all body clles | show 🗑
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| 7 functions of blood | show 🗑
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| Regulatory molecules transported in blood | show 🗑
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| show | pH, osmotic pressure
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| ______ and ________ in blood protect against foreign substances | show 🗑
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| Blood makes up ~ __ % of total body weight | show 🗑
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| show | 4-5L
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| Blood volume in males | show 🗑
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| show | Plasma
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| plasma is 91% _____ and 9% _____ | show 🗑
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| show | albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
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| show | albumins
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| transport lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, ions, antibodies, and complement proteins | show 🗑
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| show | fibrinogen
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| show | glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, vitamins, and water
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| show | urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia salts
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| waste product created from breakdown of RBC's | show 🗑
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| waste product that is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration | show 🗑
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| Ions in blood plasma (10) | show 🗑
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| gases in blood plasma | show 🗑
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| show | Formed elements
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| Small cellular fragments in blood | show 🗑
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| show | Cirrhosis
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| Causes of cirrhosis | show 🗑
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| show | Plasma proteins
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| Cirrhosis also causes a decrease in _________ levels which leads to easy bruising and delayed clotting which may be fatal | show 🗑
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| Typical erythrocyte is a ________ disc | show 🗑
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| show | anucleate
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| Iron in each heme group is oxidized when hemoglobin binds to oxygen and forms: | show 🗑
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| show | Carbaminohemoglobin
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| show | Hematopoiesis
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| show | Hematopoietic stem cells
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| show | Proerythroblasts, myeloblasts, lymphoblasts, monoblasts, megakaryblasts
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| Hematopoietic stem cell that become RBC's | show 🗑
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| Hematopoietic stem cell that become neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils | show 🗑
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| Hematopoietic stem cell that becomes lymphocytes | show 🗑
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| show | Monoblasts
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| Hematopoietic stem cell that becomes platelets | show 🗑
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| show | Erythropoiesis
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| RBC's live about ___ days | show 🗑
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| show | proerythroblasts
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| show | Hb (hemoglobin)
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| ________ in the bloodstream eject the nucleus | show 🗑
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| During erythrocyte death, hemoglobin is broken down into: | show 🗑
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| Erythrocyte death: iron is released from the heme, which is converted to ______ then ________ | show 🗑
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| Iron is transported to liver or bone marrow by protein called: | show 🗑
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| Common condition defined as a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood | show 🗑
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| What kind of anemia results from vitamin B12 deficiency? | show 🗑
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| show | Hemolytic anemia
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| show | Aplastic anemia
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| show | Iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, sickle cell anemia
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| show | Bloodstream
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| show | Chemotaxis
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| show | Granulocytes and agranulocytes
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| Process by which leukocytes adhere to walls of blood vessels and squeeze between endothelial cells to enter surrounding tissue | show 🗑
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| show | Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
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| Most common leukocyte, actively phagocytizes bacterial cells | show 🗑
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| show | Eosinophils
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| Least common leukocyte, secretes heparin and mediates inflammation | show 🗑
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| Two types of agranulocytes | show 🗑
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| 2nd most common leukocyte, makes antibodies and destroys virally infected cells or cancer cells | show 🗑
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| show | Monocytes
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| show | Platelets
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| The complete arrest of bleeding | show 🗑
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| 3 parts of hemostasis | show 🗑
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| Part 1 of hemostasis, begins immediately when a blood vessel is injured and blood leaks into extracellular fluid | show 🗑
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| show | Platelet plug formation
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| show | platelet adhesion
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| show | Platelet activation
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| show | Platelet aggregation
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| Part 3 of hemostasis, involves clotting factors in plasma that remain inactive until tissues are injured | show 🗑
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| 3 steps of coagulation | show 🗑
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| show | Actin and myosin fibers in platelets contract which bring the edges of wounded vessel closer together
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| show | Thrombolysis
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| 3 steps of fibrinolysis | show 🗑
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| 2 anticoagulants | show 🗑
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| Anticoagulant that acts rapidly but must be injected | show 🗑
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| show | Warfarin
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| Drug that inhibits platelet aggregation | show 🗑
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| show | tPA
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| transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another | show 🗑
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| show | antigens
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| Agglutinins in blood | show 🗑
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| show | ABO and Rh
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| show | Type A blood
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| show | Type B blood
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| Both A and B antigens are present, no antibodies | show 🗑
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| show | Type O blood
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| show | Generate blood pressure, route the blood, ensure one-way blood flow, regulate blood supply, produce hormones
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| show | Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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| Situated to the left side in the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum and on the diaphragm | show 🗑
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| show | 250-350 g
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| show | fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium
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| Outer collagen layer of pericardium | show 🗑
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| Inner membrane of pericardium that produces serous fluid | show 🗑
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| show | parietal pericardium
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| Innermost layer of pericardium aka epicardium | show 🗑
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| show | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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| show | Epicardium
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| show | Myocardium
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| Inner surface of epithelium that lines the chambers and continues into blood vessels | show 🗑
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| Right side of heart pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary arteries | show 🗑
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| show | Systemic circuit
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| circulation that supplies the heart muscle | show 🗑
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| deliver blood to heart muscle (branch from aorta) | show 🗑
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| show | coronary veins
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| show | anastomoses
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| results from buildup of fatty materials/plaques in coronary arteries | show 🗑
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| occurs when plaques rupture and a clot obstructs blood flow to myocardium | show 🗑
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| Branched cells with large nucleus and striations made of actin and myosin myofilaments | show 🗑
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| show | mitochondria and myoglobin
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| Permit communication between cardiac muscle cells | show 🗑
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| show | desmosomes
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| heart does not require stimulation from nervous system to generate action potentials | show 🗑
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| cardiac electrical activity is coordinated by a small, unique population of cardiac muscle cells called: | show 🗑
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| show | action potentials
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| Slower in cardiac muscle than skeletal muscle because of gap junctions | show 🗑
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| calcium moves into cell and stimulates release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum | show 🗑
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| 3 types of gated ion channels in cardiac muscle | show 🗑
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| open in response to voltage changes but not found in certain pacemaker cells | show 🗑
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| show | potassium ion channels
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| show | calcium ion channels
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| 4 phases of electrophysiology | show 🗑
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| show | Rapid depolarization phase
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| Na+ channels are inactivated and some K+ channels open | show 🗑
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| show | Plateau phase
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| show | Repolarization phase
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| pacemaker that generates action potentials and passes them to AV node | show 🗑
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| passes action potentials to ventricles | show 🗑
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| passes AP's to the interventricular septum | show 🗑
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| Passes AP's to the ends of the R and L ventricles | show 🗑
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| Pass AP's to ventricles | show 🗑
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| record of electrical events in the myocardium that can be correlated with mechanical events | show 🗑
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| show | P wave
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| ventricular depolarization that signals the onset of ventricular contraction (repolarization of atria occurs simultaneously) | show 🗑
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| show | T wave
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| Results from fluid vibrations and closure of AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole | show 🗑
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| show | Heart sound 2 or "dub"
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| sequence of events that take place in the heart from one heartbeat to the next | show 🗑
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| the cardiac cycle includes: | show 🗑
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| show | contraction periods
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| show | relaxation periods
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| show | ventricular filling phase, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection phase, isovolumetric relaxation
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Created by:
mbopp0