Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Anatomy lect exam 3
Nutrition, blood, cardiovascular system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body | metabolism |
| energy-releasing processes that break larger molecules down to smaller molecules | catabolism |
| energy-requiring processes that join small molecules together to form larger molecules | anabolism |
| energy in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins is used to produce _____ | ATP |
| 2 types of ATP synthesis from glucose | Anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration |
| 2 step of anaerobic respiration | Glycolysis, lactic acid fermentation |
| 3 steps of aerobic respiration | Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, electron transport system |
| Glycolysis involves producing _______ from 1 glucose molecule | 2 ATP, 2CO2, 2NADH |
| Kreb's cycle involves producing ________ from 2 pyruvates (from glycolysis) | 2 ATP, 4CO2, 8NADH, 2FADH |
| Electron Transport chain involves producing _________ from 10NADH, 2FADH, and 6O2 | 32-34 ATP, 6H2O |
| Fatty acids undergo _______ and enter the cycle known as ________ | Beta-oxidation, acetyl-CoA |
| Breakdown of fats produces ________ | Ketone bodies |
| Ketone bodies may build up causing: | Ketoacidosis |
| If used for energy, amino acids must first undergo _______ | deamination |
| deamination is the removal of _____ group | NH2 |
| deamination produces ______ that must be converted to urea for excretion | ammonia |
| excretion occurs via ______ but excess amounts are a problem for individuals with renal disease | kidneys |
| amino acids are not stored in body, so excess are converted to _____ | fat |
| Results from a deficiency in an enzyme involved in catabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine | Phenylketonuria |
| A high level of ________ interferes with normal development of nervous system and severe mental retardation may result | Phenylalanine |
| Process in which excess glucose is converted to glycogen | glycogenesis |
| Process in which glucose and amino acids are converted to lipids when glycogen stores are full | Lipogenesis |
| Breakdown of glycogen to glucose | Glycogenolysis |
| formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules | Gluconeogenesis |
| 2 metabolic states | absorptive state and postabsorptive state |
| Period immediately after eating when nutrients are absorbed and enter the circulatory and lymphatic systems (~4 hrs after meal) | Absorptive state |
| Occurs after absorptive state when blood glucose levels must be maintained by conversion of other molecules to glucose | Postabsorptive state |
| Total amount of energy produced and used by the body per minute | Metabolic rate |
| Metabolic rate correlates with amount of _____ used | O2 |
| energy used at rest | basal metabolic rate |
| basal metabolic rate makes up ~ ___% of metabolic rate | 60 |
| energy used to digest and absorb food | thermic effect of food |
| thermic effect of food makes up ~ __ % of metabolic rate | 10 |
| energy used for muscle contraction | muscular activity |
| muscular activity makes up ~ ___ % of metabolic rate | 30 |
| chemicals used by body to produce energy, to provide building blocks, or to function in other chemical reactions | Nutrients |
| two classes of nutrients | macronutrients and micronutrients |
| Required in large amounts | Macronutrients |
| Required in small amounts | Micronutrients |
| Examples of macronutrients (4) | Carbs, proteins, lipids, and water) |
| Examples of micronutrients (2) | Vitamins and minerals |
| Any nutrient that must be ingested and cannot be synthesized in adequate amounts | Essential nutrient |
| Some essential nutrients are: (6) | water, some amino acids, some fatty acids, most vitamins and minerals, a few carbohydrates |
| measure of energy supplied by food and released through cellular metabolism | Kilocalories (Calories) |
| RDA for carbohydrates | 45-65% of total daily intake |
| most carbohydrates come from | plants |
| 3 classes of carbohydrates | Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
| ______ and _______ are converted to glucose, kept as glycogen, or converted to fats | disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| RDA of lipids | 30% or less of daily intake |
| two classes of lipids | triglycerides (fats) and cholesterol |
| Lipids used for energy or stored in adipose tissue | triglycerides |
| two types of triglycerides (fats) | saturated fats and unsaturated fats |
| Examples of saturated fats | Meats, whole milk |
| Examples of unsaturated fats | Vegetable oils |
| Found in liver and egg yolks, but will be made from triglycerides | Cholesterol |
| Essential fatty acids found in seeds, nuts, legumes, grains, and green leaves | Linoleic acids |
| RDA of proteins | 10-35% of daily intake |
| All proteins are broken into ______ which are classified as essential or nonessential | Amino acids |
| Proteins that contain all of the necessary amino acids | Complete proteins |
| Examples of complete proteins | All meats, milk, cheese, and eggs |
| Organic nutrients required in small amounts to make enzymes function and maintain growth and normal metabolism | Vitamins |
| Some vitamins are _____ and some can be made | essential |
| two classes of vitamins | fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins |
| Vitamins stored in fat tissue | Fat-soluble vitamins |
| Vitamins in which excess is excreted | Water-soluble vitamins |
| Examples of fat-soluble vitamins | A, D, E, K |
| Examples of water-soluble vitamins | B, C, etc. |
| Prevent formation of free radicals in the body | Antioxidants |
| Inorganic elements necessary for normal metabolism | Minerals |
| Minerals are obtained from | Plant and animal sources |
| Some minerals attached to _____ are difficult to absorb | Plant fibers |
| Functions of minerals in body (5) | Nerve conduction, osmotic balance, bone/teeth structure, buffering systems, hemoglobin structure |
| The cardiovascular system consists of | Heart, blood vessels, blood |
| Pumps blood through blood vessels | Heart |
| System of tubes that distribute blood throughout body | Blood vessels |
| Liquid that carries oxygen, nutrients, wastes, etc. to all body clles | Blood |
| 7 functions of blood | Transport of gases, nutrients, waste products, transport of processed molecules, transport of regulatory molecules, maintenance of body temp, regulation of pH, protection against foreign substances, clot formation |
| Regulatory molecules transported in blood | Hormones and enzymes |
| In blood, buffers maintain ____, ions and protein maintain __________ | pH, osmotic pressure |
| ______ and ________ in blood protect against foreign substances | White blood cells, antibodies |
| Blood makes up ~ __ % of total body weight | 8 |
| Blood volume in females | 4-5L |
| Blood volume in males | 5-6 L |
| Liquid extracellular matrix of blood | Plasma |
| plasma is 91% _____ and 9% _____ | water, solutes |
| 3 proteins in blood plasma | albumins, globulins, fibrinogen |
| maintain viscosity and osmotic pressure, buffers, transport fatty acids, bilirubin, and thyroid hormones | albumins |
| transport lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, ions, antibodies, and complement proteins | globulins |
| involved in clotting | fibrinogen |
| nutrients in blood plasma | glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, vitamins, and water |
| waste products created from the breakdown of protein (4) | urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia salts |
| waste product created from breakdown of RBC's | bilirubin |
| waste product that is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration | lactic acid |
| Ions in blood plasma (10) | Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Cl2-, PO4 2-, H+, OH-, HCO3- |
| gases in blood plasma | oxygen, carbon dioxide, inert nitrogen |
| Includes cells and cell fragments found suspended in plasma | Formed elements |
| Small cellular fragments in blood | Platelets |
| Disease of the liver which results when healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue | Cirrhosis |
| Causes of cirrhosis | Cancer, alcoholism, viral hepatitis |
| Cirrhosis results in progressive decrease in production of _______ which results in fluid loss to extracellular spaces producing severe edema in the abdomen | Plasma proteins |
| Cirrhosis also causes a decrease in _________ levels which leads to easy bruising and delayed clotting which may be fatal | Clotting factor |
| Typical erythrocyte is a ________ disc | Biconcave |
| Mature erythrocyte cells are ________ to create room in the cytosol for enzymes and hemoglobin proteins | anucleate |
| Iron in each heme group is oxidized when hemoglobin binds to oxygen and forms: | Oxyhemoglobin |
| When O2 levels are low, hemoglobin binds to CO2 forming: | Carbaminohemoglobin |
| Process of blood cell production that takes place in red bone marrow | Hematopoiesis |
| Hematopoiesis is produced by __________ | Hematopoietic stem cells |
| 5 types of hematopoietic stem cells | Proerythroblasts, myeloblasts, lymphoblasts, monoblasts, megakaryblasts |
| Hematopoietic stem cell that become RBC's | Proerythroblasts |
| Hematopoietic stem cell that become neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils | Myeloblasts |
| Hematopoietic stem cell that becomes lymphocytes | Lymphoblasts |
| Hematopoietic stem cell that becomes monocytes | Monoblasts |
| Hematopoietic stem cell that becomes platelets | Megakaryblasts |
| Produces erythrocytes in about 5-7 days to replace cells | Erythropoiesis |
| RBC's live about ___ days | 120 |
| Progenitor cells become _________ when erythropoietin (EPO) from kidneys is present | proerythroblasts |
| Erythroblasts synthesize ________ | Hb (hemoglobin) |
| ________ in the bloodstream eject the nucleus | Reticulocytes |
| During erythrocyte death, hemoglobin is broken down into: | Globin chains and heme |
| Erythrocyte death: iron is released from the heme, which is converted to ______ then ________ | biliverdin, bilirubin |
| Iron is transported to liver or bone marrow by protein called: | transferrin |
| Common condition defined as a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood | Anemia |
| What kind of anemia results from vitamin B12 deficiency? | Pernicious anemia |
| What kind of anemia results from infections or poisoning that destroys erythrocytes? | Hemolytic anemia |
| What kind of anemia results from radiation inhibiting erythrocyte production? | Aplastic anemia |
| 5 types of anemia | Iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, sickle cell anemia |
| Leukocytes use ______ for transportation | Bloodstream |
| Chemicals released by injured cells to attract leukocytes | Chemotaxis |
| Two types of leukocytes | Granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| Process by which leukocytes adhere to walls of blood vessels and squeeze between endothelial cells to enter surrounding tissue | Diapedesis |
| 3 types of granulocytes | Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
| Most common leukocyte, actively phagocytizes bacterial cells | Neutrophils |
| Respond to infections with parasitic worms and allergic reactions | Eosinophils |
| Least common leukocyte, secretes heparin and mediates inflammation | Basophils |
| Two types of agranulocytes | Lymphocytes and monocytes |
| 2nd most common leukocyte, makes antibodies and destroys virally infected cells or cancer cells | Lymphocytes |
| Mature into macrophages and ingest dead/dying cells, bacteria, antigens, and other debris | Monocytes |
| Cell fragments surrounded by a plasma membrane, involved in clotting | Platelets |
| The complete arrest of bleeding | Hemostasis |
| 3 parts of hemostasis | Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation |
| Part 1 of hemostasis, begins immediately when a blood vessel is injured and blood leaks into extracellular fluid | Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction) |
| Part 2 of hemostasis, has three steps (platelet adhesion, platelet activation, platelet aggregation) | Platelet plug formation |
| Platelets become "sticky" from von Willebrand factors and adhere to each other | platelet adhesion |
| Platelets release ATP, ADP, serotonin, calcium, thromboxanes, etc. that activate other platelets | Platelet activation |
| activated platelets bind fibrinogen which forms a "platelet plug" | Platelet aggregation |
| Part 3 of hemostasis, involves clotting factors in plasma that remain inactive until tissues are injured | Coagulation |
| 3 steps of coagulation | Activation of prothrombinase, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin |
| What happens during clot retraction? | Actin and myosin fibers in platelets contract which bring the edges of wounded vessel closer together |
| Removal of the clot, which involves breaking down the fibrin glue | Thrombolysis |
| 3 steps of fibrinolysis | Activation of plasminogen by tPA from endothelial cells, conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, plasmin degrades to fibrin and clot dissolves |
| 2 anticoagulants | heparin, warfarin |
| Anticoagulant that acts rapidly but must be injected | Heparin |
| Anticoagulant that can be given by mouth but takes days to become effective | Warfarin |
| Drug that inhibits platelet aggregation | aspirin |
| ____ is used to restore blood flow rapidly to prevent tissue damage when thrombi or emboli have caused stroke or heart attack | tPA |
| transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another | Transfusion |
| Blood grouping is determined by ______ on the surface of RBC's | antigens |
| Agglutinins in blood | Antibodies |
| Main blood groups: | ABO and Rh |
| Only A antigen is present, anti-B antibodies | Type A blood |
| Only B antigen is present, anti-A antibodies | Type B blood |
| Both A and B antigens are present, no antibodies | Type AB blood |
| Neither A nor B antigens, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies | Type O blood |
| Functions of heart (5) | Generate blood pressure, route the blood, ensure one-way blood flow, regulate blood supply, produce hormones |
| The heart produces a hormone called: | Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
| Situated to the left side in the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum and on the diaphragm | Heart |
| The heart is approximately the size of a fist and weighs: | 250-350 g |
| 2 layers of pericardium | fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium |
| Outer collagen layer of pericardium | Fibrous pericardium |
| Inner membrane of pericardium that produces serous fluid | Serous pericardium |
| Encases heart like a sac | parietal pericardium |
| Innermost layer of pericardium aka epicardium | Visceral pericardium |
| 3 layers of heart wall | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| Outer surface of heart wall with connective tissue and epithelium | Epicardium |
| Cardiac muscle tissue layer of heart wall | Myocardium |
| Inner surface of epithelium that lines the chambers and continues into blood vessels | Endocardium |
| Right side of heart pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary arteries | Pulmonary circuit |
| Left side of heart pumps blood to rest of body through aorta | Systemic circuit |
| circulation that supplies the heart muscle | coronary circulation |
| deliver blood to heart muscle (branch from aorta) | coronary arteries |
| drain blood from heart muscle | coronary veins |
| systems of channels formed between blood vessels | anastomoses |
| results from buildup of fatty materials/plaques in coronary arteries | coronary artery disease (CAD) |
| occurs when plaques rupture and a clot obstructs blood flow to myocardium | Myocardial infarction/heart attack |
| Branched cells with large nucleus and striations made of actin and myosin myofilaments | Cardiac muscle cells |
| cytoplasm has a very high concentration of: | mitochondria and myoglobin |
| Permit communication between cardiac muscle cells | gap junctions |
| hold cardiac muscle cells together | desmosomes |
| heart does not require stimulation from nervous system to generate action potentials | autorhythmicity |
| cardiac electrical activity is coordinated by a small, unique population of cardiac muscle cells called: | pacemaker cells |
| conducted from cell to cell, not along a single fiber as in skeletal muscle | action potentials |
| Slower in cardiac muscle than skeletal muscle because of gap junctions | Action potential propagation |
| calcium moves into cell and stimulates release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum | calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) |
| 3 types of gated ion channels in cardiac muscle | voltage gated sodium ion channels, potassium ion channels, calcium ion channels |
| open in response to voltage changes but not found in certain pacemaker cells | voltage-gated sodium ion channels |
| some are voltage gated and some are ligand gated | potassium ion channels |
| Not found in skeletal muscle, demonstrate voltage-gated opening but time-gated closing | calcium ion channels |
| 4 phases of electrophysiology | rapid depolarization phase, initial repolarization phase, plateau phase, repolarization phase |
| voltage-gated Na+ channels are activated and Na+ enters | Rapid depolarization phase |
| Na+ channels are inactivated and some K+ channels open | Initial repolarization phase |
| Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters as K+ exits (causes refractory period) | Plateau phase |
| Na+ and Ca2+ channels close as K+ continues to exit | Repolarization phase |
| pacemaker that generates action potentials and passes them to AV node | sinoatrial (SA) node |
| passes action potentials to ventricles | AV node |
| passes AP's to the interventricular septum | AV bundle |
| Passes AP's to the ends of the R and L ventricles | R and L bundle branches |
| Pass AP's to ventricles | Purkinje fibers |
| record of electrical events in the myocardium that can be correlated with mechanical events | electrocardiogram |
| depolarization of atrial myocardium that signals the onset of atrial contraction | P wave |
| ventricular depolarization that signals the onset of ventricular contraction (repolarization of atria occurs simultaneously) | QRS complex |
| repolarization of ventricles that signals ventricular relaxation | T wave |
| Results from fluid vibrations and closure of AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole | Heart sound 1 or "lub" |
| Results from closure of semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole | Heart sound 2 or "dub" |
| sequence of events that take place in the heart from one heartbeat to the next | cardiac cycle |
| the cardiac cycle includes: | contraction periods and relaxation periods |
| Measured as the systolic blood pressure | contraction periods |
| measured as the diastolic blood pressure | relaxation periods |
| 4 phases of cardiac cycle | ventricular filling phase, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection phase, isovolumetric relaxation |
Created by:
mbopp0