Midterm Exam
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| A set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information | Statistics
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| > the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study > the group we would like to understand | Population
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| > a set of individuals selected from a population usually intended to represent the population in a research study | Sample
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| a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals | Variable
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| a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a population | Parameter
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| a value, usually numerical value, that describes a sample | Statistic
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| these are measurements or observations | Data
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| a collection of measurements or observations | Data Set
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| a single measurement or observation and is commonly called a score or raw score | Datum
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| Scales of Measurement | *Nominal Scale
*Ordinal Scale
*Interval Scale
*Ratio Scale
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| > categorical scale > the data or variables do not have any quantitative value > lowest scale of measurement | Nominal Scale
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| Examples of Nominal Scale | gender, marital status, religion, race, hair color, and country
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| > consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence > your data is using numbers in the context of order > its quantitative value is very low | Ordinal Scale
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| Examples of Ordinal Scale | first, second, third
small, medium, large
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| > consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size > also referred to as "likert scaling" > zero is arbitrary > zero is arbitrary > no true zero | Interval Scale
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| Examples of Interval Scale | Celsius, Fahrenheit
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| > an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point >the numbers in ratio scale represent themselves >highest scale of measurement | Ratio Scale
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| Examples of Ratio Scale | height, weight, year
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| the numbers used in data represent themselves & occupy all the points in the number line | Continuous Data
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| Examples of continuous data | 1.1, 1.2, 1.001, 1.002, 1.003
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| using numbers as whole numbers | Discrete data
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| Examples of discrete data | number of people in class, number of questions answered correctly, number of books, 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5
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| an organized tabulation of the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement | Frequency distribution
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| it is esentially the same as a histogram, except that spaces are left between adjacent bars | Bar graph
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| The bar graph is used for what scale of measurement? | Nominal Scale
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| similar to a bar graph but has no spaces between bars | Histogram
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| The histogram is used for what scale of measurement? | Interval/Ratio Scale
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| "parts of a whole"; percentages | Pie chart
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| >used when the values on the horizontal axis are measured on an interval or a ratio scale | Line graph
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| The line graph is used for what scale of measurement? | interval/ratio scale
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| interval/ratio scale | Frequency polygon
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| also known as the arithmetic average, is computed by adding all the scores in the distribution and dividing by the number of scores | Mean
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| Mean for population (symbol) | mu symbol
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| Mean for sample | M or X̄
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| midpoint of group of scores midpoint of a distibution | Median
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| > the score or category that has the greatest frequency > particular score with the highest frequency count | Mode
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| the distance covered by the scores in a distribution, from the smallest score to the largest score | Range
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| > average squared distance from the mean > squared distance between scores | Variance
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| > the square root of the variance & provides a measure of the standard, or average, distance from the mean > exact unit distance between scores > square root of variance | Standard Deviation
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