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PSYCH 12
Midterm Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information | Statistics |
| > the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study > the group we would like to understand | Population |
| > a set of individuals selected from a population usually intended to represent the population in a research study | Sample |
| a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals | Variable |
| a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a population | Parameter |
| a value, usually numerical value, that describes a sample | Statistic |
| these are measurements or observations | Data |
| a collection of measurements or observations | Data Set |
| a single measurement or observation and is commonly called a score or raw score | Datum |
| Scales of Measurement | *Nominal Scale *Ordinal Scale *Interval Scale *Ratio Scale |
| > categorical scale > the data or variables do not have any quantitative value > lowest scale of measurement | Nominal Scale |
| Examples of Nominal Scale | gender, marital status, religion, race, hair color, and country |
| > consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence > your data is using numbers in the context of order > its quantitative value is very low | Ordinal Scale |
| Examples of Ordinal Scale | first, second, third small, medium, large |
| > consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size > also referred to as "likert scaling" > zero is arbitrary > zero is arbitrary > no true zero | Interval Scale |
| Examples of Interval Scale | Celsius, Fahrenheit |
| > an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point >the numbers in ratio scale represent themselves >highest scale of measurement | Ratio Scale |
| Examples of Ratio Scale | height, weight, year |
| the numbers used in data represent themselves & occupy all the points in the number line | Continuous Data |
| Examples of continuous data | 1.1, 1.2, 1.001, 1.002, 1.003 |
| using numbers as whole numbers | Discrete data |
| Examples of discrete data | number of people in class, number of questions answered correctly, number of books, 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5 |
| an organized tabulation of the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement | Frequency distribution |
| it is esentially the same as a histogram, except that spaces are left between adjacent bars | Bar graph |
| The bar graph is used for what scale of measurement? | Nominal Scale |
| similar to a bar graph but has no spaces between bars | Histogram |
| The histogram is used for what scale of measurement? | Interval/Ratio Scale |
| "parts of a whole"; percentages | Pie chart |
| >used when the values on the horizontal axis are measured on an interval or a ratio scale | Line graph |
| The line graph is used for what scale of measurement? | interval/ratio scale |
| interval/ratio scale | Frequency polygon |
| also known as the arithmetic average, is computed by adding all the scores in the distribution and dividing by the number of scores | Mean |
| Mean for population (symbol) | mu symbol |
| Mean for sample | M or X̄ |
| midpoint of group of scores midpoint of a distibution | Median |
| > the score or category that has the greatest frequency > particular score with the highest frequency count | Mode |
| the distance covered by the scores in a distribution, from the smallest score to the largest score | Range |
| > average squared distance from the mean > squared distance between scores | Variance |
| > the square root of the variance & provides a measure of the standard, or average, distance from the mean > exact unit distance between scores > square root of variance | Standard Deviation |
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