Geography Chapter 12
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| Continental Shield | Low-elevation regions of continental crust; various granite cores and ancient mountains are exposed at the surface
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| Terrane | A migrating piece of Earth's crust, dragged about by processes of mantle convection and plate tectonics
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| Folding | The bending and deformation of beds of rock strata subjected to compression forces
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| Anticline | An arch-shaped, upwards fold in which rock strata slope down from the central ridge of the fold
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| Syncline | A trough-shaped downward fold in which the rock strata slope towards the central axis of the fold (think 'sink')
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| Isostacy | A state of equilibrium in Earth's crust formed by the interplay between portions of the less-dense lithosphere and the more-dense asthenosphere and the principal of buoyancy
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| Faulting | The process whereby displacement and fracturing occur between two portions of the Earth's crust; usually associated with seismic activity
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| Normal Fault | A type of geologic fault in rocks. Tension produces strain that breaks a rock, with one side moving vertically relative to the other side along an inclined fault plane
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| Reverse Fault | Compressional forces produce strain that breaks a rock so that one side moves upward relative to the other side
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| Thrust Fault | A reverse fault where the fault plane forms a low angle relative to the horizontal; and overlaying block moves over and underlaying block
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| Slip-Strike Fault | Horizontal movement along a fault line - that is, movement in the same direction as the fault
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| Horst | Upward-faulted blocks produced by pairs or groups of faults [two blocks push a middle one up]
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| Graben | Downward-faulted blocks produced by pairs of groups of faults [two blocks push a middle one down]
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| Orogenesis | The process of mountain building that occurs when large-scale compression leads to deformation and uplift of crust
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| Earthquake | A sharp release of energy that sends waves travelling through Earth's crust at the movement of rupture along a fault or in association with volcanic activity
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| Megathrust Earthquake | The most powerful earthquakes on Earth; occurs along a subduction zone
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| Elastic Rebound Theory | An explanation for how energy is released during an earthquake. Two sides of a fault rupture suddenly due to accumulating stress, snapping to new positions relative to each other
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| Seismometer | An instrument used to detect and record the ground motion during an earthquake
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| Focus | The location below the Earth's surface where the motion of seismic waves that cause an earthquake begins
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| Epicentre | The location on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
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| Foreshock | A smaller quake that precedes the main shock of an earthquake
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| Aftershock | Occurs after the main shock, sharing the same general area of the epicentre
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| Richter Scale | An open-ended, logarithmic scale that estimates earthquake amplitude by the energy released, using seismographs
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| Liquefaction | The process whereby ground shaking, usually from an earthquake, disrupts and loosens the structure of the soil, causing it to flow
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| Moment Magnitude Scale | Measures an earthquake by the amount of seismic movement. Considers fault slippage, size of ruptured area, and the nature of the materials faulted
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| Tsunami | A seismic sea wave, travelling at high speeds across the ocean, formed by sudden motion in the seafloor (seismic wave, etc)
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| Volcano | A mountainous landform at the end of a magma conduit, which rises from below the crust and vents to the surface
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| Viscosity | Resistance to flow [thickness]
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| Pyroclastic | An explosively ejected rock fragment launched by a volcanic eruption
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| Pahoehoe | Basaltic lava that is fluid. Forms a thin crust with folds that appear 'ropy', like coiled rope
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| Cinder Cone | A volcanic landform of pyroclastics and volcanic rock, usually small and cone shaped
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| Caldera | An interior sunken portion of a composite volcano's crater; usually steep-sided and circular, sometimes containing a lake
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| Effusive Eruption | A volcanic eruption characterised by lava pouring forth onto the surface, relatively small explosions, and few pyroclastics
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| Shield Volcano | A symmetrical mountain landform built from effusive eruptions; gently sloped and gradually rising from the surrounding landscape to a summit crater
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| Flood Basalts | A type of effusive eruption that occurs when magma flows out from elongated fissures onto the surface and cools into extensive sheets of basaltic lava
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| Explosive Eruptions | A violent and explosive volcanic eruption as a result of thicker, stickier magma
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| Composite Volcano | A volcano formed by a sequence of explosive volcanic eruptions; steep-sided, conical in shape
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