AQA A-level psychology cognition & development year 13
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| show | Personal belief of the thoughts & feelings of other: “mind reading”
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| When ToM develops | show 🗑
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| show | 18-month-olds watch adults placing beads in jar. Control is them doing this successfully. Experimental condition is them struggling & dropping beads. Toddlers were then required to place beads in jar
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| show | In both conditions, toddlers successfully placed beads in jar showing that they imitated the intentions of the adult rather than the actions, demonstrating basic ToM
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| show | 3-4-year-olds told story of Maxi leaving chocolate in blue cupboard in kitchen, mum took some for cooking & out chocolate in green cupboard. Maxi comes back. Children are asked where he’d look for the chocolate
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| show | Most 3-year-olds said he’d look in the green cupboard (where mum left it) & most 4-year-olds said he’d look in the blue cupboard (where Maxi left it). This suggests ToM develops between the ages of 3 & 4
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| show | Control of Down’s syndrome children & children without diagnosis compared to experimental of autistic children told story of Sally putting marble in her basket, leaving, Anne puts it in her box, Sally come back, children asked where Sally looked
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| show | 85% of control groups correctly identified that Sally would search her own basket first whereas only 20% of experimental group said this
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| show | Older autistic children & adults succeed in false belief tasks (e.g., Sally-Anne) so are made to judge expressed emotion in pair of isolated eyes. Autistic individuals don’t do as well on this task as individuals without diagnosis
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| show | Since Baron-Cohen et al. provides evidence that autism is correlated with ToM deficiencies which may inform future treatments for autistic people (however, this is correlation not causation
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| show | Bloom & German (2000) ran Sally-Anne task with diagram & found higher results suggesting that other cognitive abilities like visual STM play a role in false belief tasks & this is less developed in younger children giving less internal validity
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| show | Judging emotion from a static pair of eyes isn’t comparable to real-life experiences as we judge emotions based on a whole moving face as well as body language giving this study less external validity
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| show | Brain cells commonly found in the motor cortex which fire the same way when performing an action & witnessing others perform the same action
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| show | Placed electrodes in motor cortex of monkeys, found that the same neurones fired when reaching for a peanut & watching a researcher reaching for a peanut which lead him to discover mirror neurones
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| Goldman: role of mirror neurones in social cognition | show 🗑
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| show | Learning new skills in the span of a generation or facilitating complex social interactions requires an understanding of the perspective, intentions, & emotions of others which requires mirror neurones
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| Ramachandran & Oberman (2006): role of mirror neurones in autism | show 🗑
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| Disadvantage of mirror neurone studies (Hikock) | show 🗑
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| Advantage of mirror neurone theory (Haker et al. & Hadjikhani) | show 🗑
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| Disadvantage of relationship between mirror neurones & ASD (Hamilton) | show 🗑
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