Un. 1 Psychpathology
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| show | Deviance, distress, dysfunction and danger
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| show | Definition - Experiencing behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that differ from a society’s ideas of proper functioning (depend on social context).
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| show | Something that causes anxiety, sorrow, or pain. Behavior, ideas, or emotions usually have to cause distress before they can be labeled abnormal.
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| Explain dysfunction. | show 🗑
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| show | Behavior that may be consistently careless, hostile, or confusing.
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| What is trephination? | show 🗑
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| show | Possession by demons.
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| show | Looked to an unbalance of the four fluids, or humors. Suggested treatments attempted to “rebalance”. Four humors: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm
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| What were the conditions like in asylums during the Renaissance? | show 🗑
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| show | The treatment of people with mental disorders began to improve. Pinel and Tuke advocated moral treatment care and humane and respectful techniques. Money and staff shortages, overcrowdind,
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| What are the difference between the somatogenic perspective and the psychogenic perspective in explaining mental illness? How does the eugenics movement relate? | show 🗑
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| show | A sufferer who seeks relief from the healer
A trained, socially accepted healer, whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer and his or her social group
A series of contacts between the healer and the sufferer, through which the healer tries
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| show | Outpatient care, therapy, medication
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| show | - Shorten treatment
- Favor treatments whose results may be short-term
- Results in treatment being determined by insurance companies rather than mental health professionals
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| Be familiar with lycanthropy (*Hint: This is discussed in Chapter 1 of the assigned reading) | show 🗑
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| show | Behavior determined by underlying dynamic psychological forces of which theyre not consciously aware. Abnormal sympts. result of conflict among forces, all behaviors are determined by past experiences and no behavior is accidental, Freudian slip.
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| show | Id- generates pleasure-seeking impulses. RON
Ego- establishes rules (conscience) HERMIONE
Superego- mediator, compromises between id and superego (protect from anxiety) HARRY
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| What are the key features of the behavioral model? | show 🗑
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| show | Abnormality is an illness brought on by malfunctioning parts of the organism. Inheritance plays a part in mental disorders as well as abnormal secretions of hormones. Used drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery for treatment.
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| What are the key features of the cognitive model? | show 🗑
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| What are the key features of the humanistic-existential model? (Humanists tend to be more optimistic in their views on the inherent nature of people than existentialists) | show 🗑
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| What are the key features of the sociocultural model? | show 🗑
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| Be familiar with the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology | show 🗑
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| Be familiar with the developmental psychopathology perspective (*Hint: This is discussed in Chapter 3 of the assigned reading) | show 🗑
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| show | Women are likely to get all anxiety disorders 2x as likely as men, except for OCD which is equal in men and women.
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| show | Excessive anxiety and worry about many things and finds it difficult to control.
6 months or more of restlessness, "on edge", easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance, distress, impairment.
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| show | Maladaptive assumptions. Humans must be loved/approved of by every significant person in the community. Unsafe until proven safe, best to assume the worst. Metacognitive theory, intolerance of uncertainty theory, avoidance theory
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| show | Cognitive therapiy - Changing maladaptive assumptions. Rational-emotive therapy, point out irrational thoughts & suggest more appropriate ones
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy- Focuses on changing relationship to thoughts. Acceptance is key
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| What is the difference between traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy (e.g., Ellis’ rational-emotive therapy) and newer mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapies for anxiety? | show 🗑
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| show | Hold positive and negative beliefs of worrying. Positive, worrying is a useful way of staying safe. Worry about worrying. “Going crazy” with worry, making themselves ill, or losing out in life because of worrying, worry is causing physical and mental har
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| Be familiar with the sociocultural perspective on GAD | show 🗑
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| What are the general symptoms/characteristics of Specific Phobia? | show 🗑
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| show | Desensitization - combines relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to help you slowly overcome a phobia
Flooding- Forced non-gradual exposure
Modeling - demonstrating desired behavior and showing people that there is nothing to fear.
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| show | Predisposition to develop certain fears. This idea is referred to as
preparedness because human beings, theoretically, are “prepared” to acquire some phobias and not others.
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| show | Escape seems difficult or help might not be available.
Fear or anxiety about 2+
Using public transportation
Being in open spaces
Being in enclosed places
Standing in line or being in a crowd
Being outside of the home alone
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| show | Panic disorder
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| show | Classical conditioning or modeling
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| show | Cognitive-behavioral therapy with an exposure approach.Clients venture farther and farther from their homes to confront the outside world as well as support groups and home-based self-help programs .
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| What are the general symptoms/characteristics of Panic Disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | Biological factors are only part of the cause of panic attacks.
Misinterpret bodily sensations as signs of a medical catastrophe (shift in heartrate.)
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| What is the relationship between Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia? | show 🗑
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| How is Panic Disorder treated? | show 🗑
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| What are the general symptoms/characteristics of Social Anxiety Disorder? | show 🗑
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| What are narrow versus broad presentations of social anxiety disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | People judge themselves as performing worse than they do
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| show | Avoiding situations that trigger anxiety and seeking reassurance are counterproductive. Behaviors become habits that make anxiety worse. Giving up these behaviors retrains the brain, so it doesn’t see danger when there is no threat.
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| show | Believe that people with this disorder hold a group of social beliefs and expectations that consistently work against them, including: Unrealistically high social standards and views of themselves as unattractive and socially unskilled
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| What are the general symptoms/characteristics of OCD? | show 🗑
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| show | Recurrent, unwanted and persistent thoughts, wishes, impulses, images, ideas and doubts
Have common themes:
Dirt/contamination - Most common
Violence and aggression
Orderliness
Religion
Sexuality
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| What are compulsions? What are common themes/forms? | show 🗑
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| What are the potential explanations for OCD? I.e., the cognitive-behavioral and biological explanations | show 🗑
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| How is OCD treated? | show 🗑
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| show | Hoarding disorder
Hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania)
Skin-picking disorder (excoriation)
Body dysmorphic disorder
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| show | Stressor – an event that creates demands.
Stress response – a person’s reactions to the demands.
Influenced by how we judge both the events and our capacity to react to them effectively.
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| show | Increased arousal, negative emotions and guilt
Reexperiencing
Avoidence
Reduced responsiveness
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| Reexperiencing | show 🗑
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| Avoidance | show 🗑
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| Reduced responsiveness and dissociation | show 🗑
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| Increased arousal, negative emotions and guilt | show 🗑
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| show | ASD- Fear and related symptoms soon after a trauma but for less than a month.
PTSD - Symptoms may begin either shortly after the event, or months or years afterward. Last longer than a month.
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| show | Women are more likely to experience a stress disorder than men. People with lower SES are 2x as likely to experience a stress disorder. Hispanic, African, and Native Americans more likely than non-Hispanic white Americans to develop a stress disorder.
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| What types of traumatic events might lead someone to experience PTSD or acute stress disorder? | show 🗑
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| What factors may play a role in the development of a stress disorder? | show 🗑
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| How would psychological stress disorders typically be treated? | show 🗑
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| What are corticosteroids? (*Hint: You’ll find this in Chapter 6 of the assigned reading) | show 🗑
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| show | Social norms = potential for misuse (Homosexuality previously included as a disorder in DSM, removed in '70s) and vary per culture. Where is the line between individuality & abnormality? Some problematic behaviors aren't rare. I.e , Alcohol Use Disorder
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| show | Symptoms of mental illness may not always cause distress, i.e. personality disorders or addiction. Bereavement (grief)– some forms of suffering are so normative that a lack thereof suffering can sometimes be indicative of pathology.
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| What are the limitations/flaws of dysfunction? | show 🗑
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| What are the limitations/flaws of danger? | show 🗑
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| show | OC- learn because of rewards
M- Learn by observing and repeating behavior (mother scared of spiders, me too)
CC- Learning by temporal association. When two events repeatedly occur close together in time, they become fused in a person.
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| Does psychological debriefing work? | show 🗑
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