Antipsychotics
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| What are Conventional Antipsychotics drugs used for? | To relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia (hallucinations, delusions, agitation, paranoia)
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| How do conventional antipsychotics work? | Block dopamine, muscarinic receptors, histamine, and norepinephrine
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| List side effects of antipsychotics. | Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), Anticholinergic symptoms (dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention), Sedation, Orthostatsis
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| What are EPS? | movement disorders
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| List four types of EPS. | Acute dystonia, Parkinsonism, Akathisia, Tardive Disease (TD)
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| Describe Acute dystonia. | causes laryngospasms, spasms of the face, neck, tongue, and back muscles
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| Describe Tardive Syndrome. | worm-like twisting & writhing of tongue & face, lip smacking & tongue protrusion
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| What do Atypical Antipsychotics do? | Relieve positive & negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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| Why do Atypical Antipsychotics work better than conventional drugs? | they block more serotonin and less dopamine
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| Name three atypical antipsychotics. | Clozaril (clozapine), Zyprexa, Geodon
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| What is a serious side effect associated with Clozaril? | agranulocytosis
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| List four types of antidepressants. | Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs), Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO inhibitors), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
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| How do TCAs work? | block the reuptake of norepinephrine & serotonin
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| List side effects of TCAs. | orthostatic hypotension, sedation, anticholinergic effects
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| What is a serious result of TCA overdose? | cardiotoxicity (esp. in patients w/ pre-existing heart condition)
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| How do Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors work? | Inhibit monoamine oxidase (an enzyme found in the brain, liver, and intestines)
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| What alterations to the diet need to be made when on MAOs? | tyramine-rich foods should be avoided (smoked meats, aged cheese, salami, pepperoni, avocados, bologna, figs, imported beer, chianti)
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| How do SSRIs work? | prevent serotonin from being taken up into the presynaptic neuron
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| What are SSRIs used to treat? | anxiety disorders (OCD, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, bulimia, gambling, Premenstrual dysmorphic disorder)
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| Side effects of SSRIs. | sexual dysfunction, weight gain, nausea, headache
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| What causes serotonin syndrome? | SSRI or SNRI toxicity, caused by excessive level sof serotonin
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| List symptoms of serotonin syndrome. | serotonin shake, increased body temp, hyperactive reflexes, confusion, anxiety, hallucinations, death
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| What else can cause serotonin syndrome? | Mixing SSRIs or SNRIs with Triptans (Zomig, Imitrex, or Maxalt)
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| What causes Serotonin Withdrawal Syndrome? | Abrupt discontinuation of SSRIs or SNRIs
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| What are the symptoms of Serotonin Withdrawal Syndrome? | Flu-like symptoms, Lightheadedness, Uneasiness, Shaking & sleepiness, Headache
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| How do Atypical Antidepressants work? | increase level of norepinephrine
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| What is an FDA warning for atypical antidepressants? | increases suicidal thoughts & behaviors
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| What is Lithium used to treat? | Bipolar disorder.
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| Why should Lithium be held is sodium levels are low? | Because Lithium is also a salt, the body will conserve it instead of sodium, if sodium is depleted or low. This can result in Lithium Toxicity.
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| List mild symptoms of Lithium Toxicity (less than 1.5 lithium level) | N/V, diarrhea, thrist, polyuria, weakness, slurred speech
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| List moderate symptoms of lithlium toxicity (lithium level between 1.5 and 2.0) | GI upset, course tremors, confusion, EKG changes, sedation
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| List severe symptoms of lithlium toxicity (level between 2.1 & 2.5) | Ataxia, sedation, serious EKG changes, blurred vision, tinnitus, coma
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