Psychopathology Domain
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| show | Intellectual disability, Autism, ADHD, communication disorders, Tic disorders & specific learning disorder
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| show | ➺ Brain abnormalities in cerebellum, corpus callosum, amygdala & ⬆ brain growth in early stages of life followed by a plateau = ⬆ brain volume
➺ Neurotransmitters: ⬆ serotonin in blood, ⬇ serotonin in brain; dopamine, GABA, glutamate & Ach
➺ Genetics
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| show | IQ of 70+; functional language skills by age 5 & no comorbid mental health issues
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| What is the etiology of ADHD? | show 🗑
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| show | Oppositional defiant disorder = most common
Conduct disorder = 2nd most common
Anxiety disorder & depressive disorder
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| show | Abnormalities in caudate nucleus (smaller)
⬆ dopamine
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| How long do symptoms have to last for a diagnosis of specific learning disorder? | show 🗑
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| What is the etiology of schizophrenia? | show 🗑
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| What is the revised dopamine hypothesis | show 🗑
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| What are the highest and lowest concordance rates for schizophrenia? | show 🗑
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| show | Smoking, anxiety, OCD
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| What factors are linked to the best prognosis for schizophrenia? | show 🗑
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| What does the prodromal/residual phase of schizophrenia include? | show 🗑
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| show | ➺ 2+ characteristic symptoms with one being hallucinations, delusions or disorganized behavior for 1 month + signs for at least 6 months that may include prodromal and/or residual phase
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| show | ➺ Process of changes or decline that precede onset of psychotic symptoms
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| How long do symptoms need to last for schizophreniform disorder? | show 🗑
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| How long do symptoms need to last for brief psychotic disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | Remember HATS
➺ Half or more of the total time ill must be spent w. mood symptoms
➺ Psychotic symptoms must occur alone w/o mood symptoms for 2+ weeks
➺ Mood & psychotic symptoms must occur together
➺ Rule out substances/medical conditions
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| What are the criteria for a manic epidose? | show 🗑
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| What are the criteria for a major depressive episode? | show 🗑
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| How long does a major depressive episode have to last? | show 🗑
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| What are the symptoms of a hypomanic episode? | show 🗑
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| What are the symptoms of BPI, BPII & cyclothymic disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | Identical (monozygotic) twin: 75%
Fraternal (dizygotic) twin: 20%
Child of one bipolar parent: 25%
Child of two bipolar parents: 60%
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| show | ➺ Mood reactivity and 2+ of: significant weight gain/appetite ⬆, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis (heavy limbs) & rejection sensitivity
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| show | ➺ Abnormalities in structure & function of prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus & basal ganglia
➺ Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and glutamate abnormalities
➺ Problems with circadian rhythms
➺ Heredity
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| What do mixed episodes refer to in bipolar disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | ➺ 4 or more depressive or manic episodes within 1 year
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| What are the recommended therapies for bipolar disorder? | show 🗑
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| What are the recommended therapies for schizophrenia? | show 🗑
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| What is the etiology of major depressive disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | Identical twins: 30-50%
Fraternal twins: 20-30%
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| show | ➺ Depressed mood + 2+ SIGECAPS sx's lasting 2+ years for adults & 1+ year in children
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| In 2020, who had the highest rates of suicide? | show 🗑
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| What are the 5 negative symptoms of schizophrenia? | show 🗑
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| show | ➺ ⬇ activity in the dorsolateral PFC & ⬆ activity in ventromedial PFC is linked to symptoms
➺ Antidepressants & therapy reverse this pattern
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| What are the main comorbidities for MDD? | show 🗑
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| What is the recommended treatment of MDD in adults? | show 🗑
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| show | CBT or IPT for adolescents (IPT-A) & fluoxetine = 1st line
➺ Not enough evidence to say which treatment is better
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| What is the recommended treatment of MDD in older adults (60+)? | show 🗑
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| show | ➺ 4 weeks in children; 6 months in adults
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| show | Remember HUG PANDaS
➺ Must have 3+/8
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| show | CBT that includes psychoeducation, exposure, relaxation training & cognitive restructuring
CBT effectiveness improves with parent training
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| How long do symptoms need to be present for a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder? | show 🗑
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| What is the acronym to remember the symptoms of social anxiety disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | 6+ months
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| What is the acronym to remember the symptoms of agoraphobia? | show 🗑
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| show | In-vivo exposure, applied relaxation, breathing retraining or cognitive techniques do not significantly improve outcomes
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| What is the recommended and most efficacious treatment for agoraphobia? | show 🗑
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| What is the acronym to remember the 13 symptoms of panic attacks in panic disorder? | show 🗑
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| What are the recommended treatments for treating panic disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | ➺Some antidepressants or benzos but relapse is very high
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| What are the requirements for a diagnosis of panic disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | I CAN'T REST: need 3+
Irritability, concentration (⬇), anxiety on most days, no control over worry, time (6+ months), restlessness, energy (⬇), sleep (impaired), tense muscles
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| show | Abnormalities in ventro & dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, posterior parietal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus
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| show | ➺Generalized anxiety disorder, Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, ADHD, Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, PTSD
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| What disorders is the amygdala involved in? | show 🗑
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| What disorders is the cingulate cortex involved in? | show 🗑
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| show | ➺Bipolar, Huntington's (caudate nucleus), Parkinson's, ADHD (striatum), Major depressive disorder (putamen & caudate nucleus), Tic disorders (caudate nucleus), OCD
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| show | ➺ MDD, OCD
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| show | ➺ASD, ADHD, schizophrenia, bipolar, MDD, OCD, PTSD, conduct disorder
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| What disorders is dopamine involved in? | show 🗑
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| show | ➺ ASD, schizophrenia, bipolar, PTSD, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Parkinson's
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| show | ➺ ADHD, bipolar, MDD, PTSD, Parkinsons (non-motor symptoms)
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| show | ➺ ASD, PTSD, Huntington's
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| What disorders is acetylcholine involved in? | show 🗑
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| show | ➺ Anxiety disorder, depressive or bipolar disorder, impulse control disorder, SUD
Note: 90% have a comorbid psychiatric disorder
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| show | PHOBIA
Persistent (6+ months), Handicapping (restricted lifestyle), Out of proportion, Beginning immediately and almost always, Intense fear/anxiety, Avoidance
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| What is the gender ratio & onset for specific phobia? | show 🗑
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| What is the gender ratio for anxiety disorders & major depressive disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | In childhood, 2:1 for men to women, with the rate decreasing in adulthood to about 1.6:1 (men to women)
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| show | In childhood, rate is higher for men but reverses in adulthood where the rate for women is higher.
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| What is the gender ratio of body dysmorphic disorder? | show 🗑
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| What is the required age of onset for a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder? | show 🗑
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| What medications are conditionally recommended for treating PTSD and what do they do? | show 🗑
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| show | ➺ 3+ symptoms occurring nearly every day for the past month following the death of a close person that occurred 12 months ago (for adults) or 6 months ago (for youth)
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| show | SOMAT
Somatic symptoms, Out of proportion (to seriousness of symptoms), Medically unexplained, Anxiety (about health & symptoms), Time (excessive time/energy spent on concerns/symptoms)
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| show | Anorexia: BMI
Bulimia: # of compensatory behaviors per week
BED: # of binging episodes per week
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| What is the duration required for symptoms of binge-eating disorder and bulimia? | show 🗑
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| What are the main comorbidities for anorexia & bulimia? | show 🗑
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| show | ➺ Medication alone is less effective than CBT-E and combining with medication is not more effective than CBT alone
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| How long do symptoms of Pica have to last? | show 🗑
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| How long do symptoms of insomnia & narcolepsy need to last for a diagnosis? | show 🗑
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| show | 6+ months
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| What is covert sensitization and what is it used for? | show 🗑
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| What is orgasmic reconditioning? | show 🗑
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| How long do symptoms have to last for a diagnosis of ODD? | show 🗑
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| show | ➺ Physical or verbal aggressive not resulting in property damage occurring 2x/week for 3+ months OR
➺ Outbursts resulting in property damage or harm to self/other occurring 3+ times in a 1 year period
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| How long do symptoms have to last for a diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder? | show 🗑
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| What is the gender ratio for conduct disorder? | show 🗑
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| What factors are associated with a worse prognosis for conduct disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | ➺ Life-course persistent type
➺ Adolescence-limited type
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| show | ➺ Parent management training - Oregon model (PMTO) - positive parenting skill building
➺ Parent management training (PMT)-building antecedents and consequences that reinforce preferred behaviors
➺ PCIT-repairing negative parent-child interaction
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| show | ➺ Functional family therapy (FFT)-replace problem behavior with non-problem behavior that serve the same function
➺ Multidimensional Family therapy (MDFT)- ⬇ substance use/aggression & ⬆ family functioning
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| What are child focused interventions used to treat conduct disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory
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| show | 2:1 M to F
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| show | ➺ Involvement of the family or other support system in the care of a patient with schizophrenia increases the patient’s medication adherence and reduces the risk for relapse
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| show | Multisystemic Therapy (MST): for youth at risk of home displacement, targets risk factors at individual, family, peer, school and community levels
Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC): for abused/neglected/delinquent kids; trained team
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| What combination of treatments for conduct disorder is most effective? | show 🗑
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Created by:
JSalisbury
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