Terms from Schizophrenia - AQA
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| Schizophrenia | A severe mental illness which involves a break from reality, such as hallucinations. It is an example of psychosis
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| Positive Symptoms | Experiences or symptoms that are in addition to usual functioning, such as hallucinations or delusions
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| Negative Symptoms | Experiences or symptoms that involve the loss of usual functioning, such as avolition and speech poverty
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| Hallucinations | Positive symptom of SZ - sensory experiences of stimuli that do not exist, such as hearing voices or seeing things in a distorted way
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| Delusions | Positive symptom of SZ - involves having beliefs with no basis of reality, such as being the victim of a conspiracy (paranoia)
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| Avolition | Negative symptom of SZ - loss of motivation to carry out tasks and results in lowered activity levels
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| Speech poverty | Negative sympton of SZ - reduced frequency and quality of speech
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| Subtypes of schizophrenia | Different classifications of SZ (used by the ICD but not the DSM-V), such as paranoid (mainly delusions and hallucinations) or catatonic (immobility and avolition) schizophrenia
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| DSM-V | System of classification mostly used in the USA. It requires at least one positive symptom for a diagnosis of SZ
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| ICD-10 | System of classification used worldwide, outside of the USA. Recognises subtypes of SZ and does not require any positive symptoms
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| Reliability of diagnosis | The extent to which different clinicians would agree on diagnosis (inter-rater) or the same clinician would be consistent in their diagnosis of the same patient (test-retest)
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| Validity of diagnosis | The extent to which diagnoses of SZ are actually correct - for example, is the clinician accidentally diagnosing depression as SZ instead? Does SZ actually exist as one condition?
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| Co-morbidity | The occurrence of two conditions in the same person - when two are frequently diagnosed together, it questions the validity of diagnosing of them as separate conditions
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| Symptom overlap | When two different conditions share the same symptom (e.g. avolition in SZ and depression) - it questions the validity of classifying them as separate conditions
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| Culture bias in SZ diagnosis | The presence of discrimination between cultures/ethnicities in diagnosis, such as the finding that Afro-Caribbean people in the UK/USA are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with SZ than white people
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| Gender bias in SZ diagnosis | The presence of discrimination between sexes in diagnosis, such as the finding that males are significantly more likely to be diagnosed than females (perhaps due to how they present symptoms differently)
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| Genetic basis of SZ | The theory that schizophrenia may be due to the influence of specific genes, or a combination of candidate genes
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| Candidate genes of SZ | The specific genes that are identified as causing, or being associated with, the presence of SZ. Ripke identified 108 separate candidate genes for SZ.
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| Neural correlates of SZ | Parts of the brain or neurotransmitters (e.g. dopamine) that are linked with the presence of SZ
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| Family studies of SZ | Schizophrenia is more commonly shared in biologically related relatives with the closer the genetic relatedness the greater the risk (e.g. Gottesman)
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| Twin studies of SZ | Study the relative contributions of genetics and environment by comparing concordance rates of MZ and DZ twins (e.g. Gottesman)
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| Adoption studies of SZ | Studies of genetically related individuals that are reared apart (e.g. Tienari)
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| Dopamine hypothesis | An excess of dopamine in certain regions of the brain is associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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| Revised dopamine hypothesis study | Davis and Kahn 1991 proposed positive symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by an excess of dopamine in subcortical areas of the brain , whereas negative symptoms are thought to arise from a deficit of dopamine in area of the prefrontal cortex.
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| Drug therapies | Tablets (or sometimes treatment in the form of syrup) given to treat disorders such as SZ
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| Typical antipsychotic drug | Drugs given that bind to dopamine receptors in order to reduce SZ symptoms. Examples include Chlorpromazine
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| Tardive Dyskinesia | An incurable disorder of motor control, especially involving muscles of the face and head, resulting from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs (especially typical)
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| Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs | Drugs used to treat SZ that work by binding to dopamine receptors but also serotonin and glutamate in order to cause fewer neurologic side effects involving movement
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| Antagonist | Chemicals that reduce the action of a neurotransmitter
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| Placebo | Something that looks like a drug being tested, but which has no active ingredients. Used as a comparison when testing the effectiveness of a drug.
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| Chemical cosh | A criticism of drug treatments of SZ, which claims that they are used to sedate patients for the benefit of staff rather than the patient themselves
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| Family dysfunction | Abnormal communication within a family unit, which has been given as explanation for SZ.
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| Schizophrenogenic Mother | Fromm-Reichmann's explanation for SZ, involving a cold, rejecting and controlling parent who creates an environment of tension and secrecy
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| Double bind theory | Bateson's explanation for SZ, where children receive mixed messages and inconsistent guidance, so always fear that they are in danger of doing or saying the wrong thing
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| Expressed emotion | An explanation for SZ, whereby the level of negative emotion (especially criticism, hostility and over-involvement) shown by a family to the patient are a source of stress
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| Cognitive explanations of SZ | An approach to explaining why people have SZ that focuses on internal mental processes, involving disruption to normal thinking patterns
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| Dysfunctional thought processing | A general term meaning information processing that is not functioning normally and produces undesirable consequences, such as SZ
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| Metarepresentation | The cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour. Dysfunction here could lead to interpreting an inner monologue as a hallucination
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| Central control | The cognitive ability to suppress automatic responses. Dysfunction here could lead to speech poverty and disorganised speech, as they cannot avoid triggering associations
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| Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for SZ | A psychological treatment for SZ which involves challenging the patient's irrational thoughts and beliefs, and assigning them homework tasks to alter their behaviour
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| Family therapy for SZ | A psychological treatment for SZ which takes place with the patient's family unit as well. This aims to treat family dysfunction in order to reduce relapse rates
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| Token economies for SZ | A psychological treatment for SZ where desirable behaviours are rewarded with vouchers that can be traded for treats, such as sweets or fun days out
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| Secondary reinforcers | A reward with no intrinsic value, but which can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer. The tokens used in token economies are an example of this.
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| Interactionist approach to SZ | A way of explaining and treating SZ that takes nature and nurture into account, considering biological and psychological factors
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| Diathesis-stress model of SZ | A way of explaining SZ that proposes our genotype determines our risk of developing SZ, but life experiences are required to trigger the onset
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