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| habituation | the process of becoming more comfortable as you speak
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| specific purpose | a concise statement of what listeners should be able to do by the time the speaker finishes their speech
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| central idea | definitive point about a topic
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| main ideas | subdivisions of the central idea of a speech that provide detailed points of focus for delivering the speech
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| lay testimony | the opinion of someone who experienced an event or situation firsthand
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| figurative analogy | a comparison between two essentially dissimilar things that share some common feature on which the comparison depends
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| topical organization | organization determined by the speaker's discretion or by recency, primacy, or complexity.
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| primacy | arrangement of ideas from most important to least important or from strongest to weakest
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| recency | arrangement of ideas from least important to most important or from weakest to strongest
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| spatial organization | organization according to location, position, or direction
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| cause and effect organization | organization by discussing a situation and its effects, or a situation and its causes
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| specificty | organization from specific information to a more general statement or from a general statement to specific information
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| signpost | a verbal or nonverbal organization signal
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| concrete word | a word that refers to an object or describes an action or characteristic in the most specific way possible
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| specific word | a word that refers to an individual member of a general class
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| correct word | a word that means what the speaker intends and is grammatically correct in the phrase or sentence in which it appears
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| drama | a characteristic of a speech created when something is phrased in a way that differs from the way the audience responds
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| omission | leaving out a word or phrase the audience expects to hear
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| inversion | reversing the normal word order of a phrase or sentence
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| candence | the rhythm of language
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| parallelism | using the same grammatical structure for two or more clauses or sentences
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| antithesis | contrasting the meanings of the two parts of a parallel structure
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| alliteration | the repetition of a constant sound several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence
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| inflection | variation in vocal pitch
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| dialect | a consistent style of pronunciation and articulation that is common to an ethnic and geographic region
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| cognitive dissonance | the sense of mental disorganization or imbalance that may prompt a person to change when new information conflicts with previously organized thought patterns
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| hierarchy of needs | Abraham Maslow's classic theory that humans have five levels of needs and that lower-level needs must be met before people can be concerned about higher-level needs
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| elaboration likelihood model (ELM) | a contemporary theory that people can be persuaded both directly and indirectly
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| proposition of fact | a claim that something is or is not the case or that something did or did not happen
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| proposition of value | a claim that calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something
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| proposition of policy | a claim advocating a specific action to change a regulation, procedure, or behavior
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| rhetoric | the process of discovering the available means of persuasion
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| dynamism | an aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as energetic
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| terminal credibility | the final impression listeners have of a speaker's credibility after the speech has been concluded
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| derived credibility | the impression of a speaker's credibility based on what the speaker says and does during the speech
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| inductive reasoning | using specific instances or examples to reach a probable general conclusion
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| reasoning by analogy | a special kind of inductive reasoning that draws a comparison between two ideas, things, or situations that share some essential common feature
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| deductive reasoning | moving from a general statement or principle to reach a certain specific conclusion
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| syllogism | a three-part argument, including a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
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| refutation | organization according to objections your listeners may have to your ideas and arguments
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| motivated sequence | Alan H. Monroe's five-step plan for organizing a persuasive message: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
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| logical divisions | genres: types of music, types of instruments
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| extended analogy | is a type of composition where one idea, process, or thing is explained by comparing it to something else over a longer narrative
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| literal analogy | a comparison between two similar things
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| figurative analogy | a comparison between two essentially dissimilar things that share some common feature on which the comparison depends
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| operational definition | is a clear, concise detailed definition of a measure
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| complexity | arranging ideas from simple to more complex
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| ad hominem | a group of argumentation strategies that focus on the person making an argument rather than their viewpoint
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