S&P Ch 13
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| the sensations caused by mechanical displacement of the skin | touch
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| perception of the position and movement of our limbs in space | kinesthesia
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| perception mediated by kinesthetic and internal receptors | proprioceptors
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| collectively, sensory signals from the skin, muscles, tendons, joints, and internal receptors | somatiosensation
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| wide-diameter, myelinated sensory nerve fibers ◦ Transmit signals from proprioceptive receptors in muscles and tendons | a-alpha fibers
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| (slightly less) wide-diameter, myelinated sensory nerve fibers ◦ Transmit signals from mechanical stimulation | a-beta fibers
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| intermediate-sized, myelinated sensory nerve fibers ◦ Transmit pain and temperature signals | a-delta fibers
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| narrow-diameter, unmyelinated sensory nerve fibers ◦ Transmit pain and temperature signals | c-fibers
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| what are the 4 types of nerve fibers? | a-alpha, a-beta, a-delta, C fibers
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| sensory receptors that respond to mechanical stimulation (pressure, vibration, movement); connect to a-beta fibers ◦ Include SA I (Merkel), FA I (Meissner), SA II (Ruffini), and FA II (Pacinian) | mechanoreceptors
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| sensory receptors that play an important role in sense of where limbs are, what kinds of movements are made ◦ Connect to A-alpha fibers and A-beta fibers | kinesthetic receptors
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| sensory receptors that signal information about changes in skin temperature ◦ Include warmth fibers and cold fibers ◦ Connect to A-delta fibers and C fibers | thermoreceptors
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| sensory receptors that respond to painful input, such as extreme heat or pressure ◦ Connect to A-delta fibers and C fibers | nociceptors
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| what are the 4 classic categories of discriminative touch? | tactile, thermal, pain, itch
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| each fiber type from the skin codes a particular touch sensation | labelled lines
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| carries most of the information about skin temperature and pain (slower) | spinothalamic pathway
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| carries signals from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints (faster) | dorsal column-medial lemniscal (DCML) pathway
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| maplike representation of regions of the body in the brain | homunculus
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| the impression of our bodies in space | bosy image
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| pain sensations are triggered by ____ | nociceptors
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| a region of the brain associated with the perceived unpleasantness of pain sensations | anterior cingulate
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| a region of the brain concerned with cognition and executive control; may contribute to pain sensitization | prefrontal cortex
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| a description of the system that transmits pain that incorporates modulating signals from brain; bottom-up pain signals from nociceptors can be blocked via a circuit located in spinal cord; neurons in dorsal horn actively inhibit pain transmission | gate control theory
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| decreasing pain sensation during conscious experience | analgesia
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| a heightened response to a normally painful stimulus | hyperalgesia
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| decreasing pain sensation when people think they’re taking an analgesic drug but actually are not | placebo effect
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| increasing pain sensation when people expect pain | nocebo effect
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| sensation perceived from a physically amputated limb of the body | phantom limb
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| the ability of neural circuits to undergo changes in function or organization as a result of previous activity | neural plasticity
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| the minimum distance at which two stimuli are just perceptible as separate | two-point threshold
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| knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints, usually involving active exploration ◦ For instance, aligning the arrows and opening a child-proof aspirin bottle in the dark | haptic perception
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| geometric properties of objects are most important for visual recognition | the "what" system of touch
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| the inability to identify objects by touch; caused by lesions to parietal lobe | tactile agnosia
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| knowing where objects are in the environment using only touch perception | the "where" system of touch
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| the coordinate system used to define locations in space | frame of reference
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| the center of a reference frame used to represent locations relative to the body | egocenter
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| any of the specialized detectors of angular motion located in each semicircular canal in a swelling called the ampulla | thermoTRP
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| a region at the rear of the spinal cord that receives inputs from receptors in the skin | dorsal horn
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| referring to spatial mapping in the somatosensory cortex in correspondence to spatial events on the skin | somatotopic organization
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| a system that attempts to closely mimic biological signals | biomimetic feedback
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| in reference to spatial attention, a form of top-down (knowledge-driven) control in which attention is voluntarily directed toward the site where the observer anticipates a stimulus will occur | endogenous
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| in reference to spatial attention, a form of bottom-up (stimulus-driven) attention reflexively (involuntarily) directed toward the site at which a stimulus has abruptly appeared | exogenous
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