Psychological Disorders
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| biological model of psychological disorders | view that psychological disorders have a biochemical or physiological basis
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| psychoanalytic model of psychological disorders | view that psychological orders result from unconscious internal conflicts
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| cognitive-behavioral model of psychological disorders | view that psychological disorders result from learning maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving
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| diathesis-stress model of psychological disorders | view that people biologically predisposed to a mental disorder (those with a certain diathesis) will tend to exhibit that disorder when particularly affected by stress
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| diathesis | biological predisposition
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| systems approach to psychological disorders | view that biological, psychological, and social risk factors combine to produce psychological disorders; also known as the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders
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| mood disorders | disturbances in mood or prolonged emotional state
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| depression | a mood disorder characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness, lack of interest in activities, and perhaps excessive guilt or feelings or worthlessness
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| psychotic | marked by defective or lost contact with reality
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| mania | a mood disorder characterized by euphoric states, extreme physical activity, excessive talkativeness, distractedness, and sometimes grandiosity
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| bipolar disorder | a mood disorder in which periods of mania and depression alternate, sometimes with periods of normal mood intervening
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| cognitive distortions | an illogical and maladaptive response to early negative life events that leads to feelings of incompetence and unworthiness that are reactivated whenever a new situation arises that resembles the original events
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| anxiety disorders | disorders in which anxiety is a characteristic feature of the avoidance of anxiety seems to motivate abnormal behavior
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| specific phobia | anxiety disorder characterized by intense, paralyzing fear of something
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| social phobia | an anxiety disorder that involves multiple, intense fear of crowds, public places, and other situations that require separation from a source of security such as the home
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| agoraphobia | an anxiety disorder that involves multiple, intense fear of crowds, public places, and other situations that require separation from a source of security such as the home
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| panic disorder | an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks in which the person suddenly experiences intense fear or terror without any reasonable cause
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| generalized anxiety disorder | an anxiety disorder characterized by prolonged vague but intense fears that are not attached to any particular object or circumstance
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | an anxiety disorder in which a person feels driven to think disturbing thoughts and/or to perform senseless rituals
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| psychosomatic disorders | disorders in which there is real physical illness that is largely caused by psychological factors such as stress and anxiety
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| somatoform disorders | disorders in which there is an apparent physical illness for which there is not organic basis
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| somatization disorder | a somatoform disorder characterized by recurrent vague somatic complaints without a physical cause
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| conversion disorders | somatoform disorders in which a dramatic specific disability has no physical cause but instead seems related to psychological problems
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| hypochondriasis | a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets insignificant symptoms as signs of serious illness in the absence of any organic evidence of such illness
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| body dysmorphic disorder | a somatoform disorder in which a person becomes so preoccupied with his or her imagines ugliness that normal life is impossible
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| dissociative disorders | disorders in which some aspect of the personality seems separated from the rest
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| dissociative amnesia | a dissociative disorder characterized by loss of memory for past events without organic cause
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| dissociative fugue | a dissociative disorder that involves flight from home and the assumption of a new identity, with amnesia for past identity and events
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| dissociatve identity disorder | a dissociative disorder in which a person has several distinct personalities that emerge at different times
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| depersonalization disorder | a dissociative disorder whose essential feature is that the person suddenly feels changed or different in a strange way
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| sexual dysfunction | loss or impairment of the ordinary physical responses of sexual function
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| erectile disorder/erectile dysfunction (ED) | the inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection
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| female sexual arousal disorder | the inability of a woman to become sexually aroused or to reach orgasm
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| sexual desire disorders | disorders in which the person lacks sexual interest or has an active distaste for sex
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| orgasm | peaking of sexual pleasure and release of sexual tension
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| orgasmic disorders | inability to reach orgasm in a person able to experience sexual desire and maintain arousal
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| premature ejaculation | inability of a man to inhibit orgasm as long as desired
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| vaginismus | involuntary muscle spasms in the outer part of the vagina that make intercourse impossible
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| paraphilias | sexual disorders in which unconventional objects or situations cause sexual arousal
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| fetishism | a paraphilia in which a nonhuman object is the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement
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| voyeurism | desire to watch others having sexual relations or to spy on nude people
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| exhibitionism | compulsion to expose one's genitals in public to achieve sexual arousal
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| frotteurism | compulsion to achieve sexual arousal by touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person in public situations
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| transvestic fetishism | wearing the clothes of the opposite sex to achieve sexual gratification
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| sexual sadism | obtaining sexual gratification from humiliating or physically harming a sex partner
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| sexual masochism | inability to enjoy sex without accompanying emotional or physical pain
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| pedophilia | desire to have sexual relations with children as the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement
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| gender-identity disorders | disorders that involve the desire to become, or the insistence that one really is, a member of the other biological sex
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| gender-identity disorder in children | rejection of one's biological gender in childhood, along with the clothing an behavior society considers appropriate to that gender
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| personality disorders | disorders in which inflexible and maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving learned early in life cause distress to the person and/or conflicts with others
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| schizoid personality disorder | personality disorder in which a person is withdrawn and lacks feelings for others
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| paranoid personality disorder | personality disorder in which the person is inappropriately suspicious and mistrustful of others
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| dependent personality disorder | personality disorder in which the person is unable to make choices and decisions independently and cannot tolerate being alone
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| avoidant personality disorder | personality disorder in which the person's fears of rejection by others leads to social isolation
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| narcissistic personality disorder | personality disorder in which the person has an exaggerated sense of self-importance and needs constant admiration
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| borderline personality disorder | personality disorder characterized by marked instability in self-image, mood, and interpersonal relationships
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| antisocial personality disorder | personality disorder that involves a pattern of violent, criminal, or unethical and exploitative behavior and an inability to feel affection for others
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| schizophrenic disorders | severe disorders in which there are disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations
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| insanity | legal term for mentally disturbed people who are not considered responsible for their criminal actions
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| hallucinations | sensory experiences in the absence of external stimulation
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| delusions | false beliefs about reality that have no basis in fact
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| disorganized schizophrenia | schizophrenic disorder in which bizarre and childlike behaviors are common
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| catatonic schizophrenia | schizophrenic disorder in which disturbed motor behavior is prominent
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| paranoid schizophrenia | schizophrenic disorder marked by extreme suspiciousness and complex, bizarre delusions
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| undifferentiated schizophrenia | schizophrenic disorder in which there are clear schizophrenic symptoms that don't meet the criteria for another subtype of the disorder
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| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) | a childhood disorder characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity
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| psychostimulants | drugs that increase ability to focus attention in children with AD/HD
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| autistic disorder | a childhood disorder characterized by a lack of social instincts and strange motor behavior
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