ati nutrition
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| What percentage of calories do carbohydrates make up? | 45-65%
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| What is the function of carbohydrates in the body?` | energy, regulate fat/protein metabolism, important for cardiac and CNS functioning
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| glycogen | stored carbohydrate energy in the liver and muscles, released in between meals to maintain blood glucose levels
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| How much energy do carbs provide? | 4 calories/ gram
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| What is the recommended fiber intake? | 25g/day for women and 38g/day for men
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| What percentage of calories do proteins make up? | 10-35% (0.8g/kg)
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| What is the function of proteins in the body? | support tissue building, metabolism, immune function, maintain nitrogen balance, important for wound healing
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| complete proteins | contain sufficient amounts of 9 essential amino acids (animal sources, soy)
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| incomplete proteins | (plant sources) can be combined to make a complete protein
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| How much energy do proteins provide? | 4 calories/ gram
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| What are some examples of protein energy malnutrition (PEM)? | Kwashiorkor, Marasmus
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| What percentage of calories do fats make up? | 20-35%
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| What percentage of calories should come from saturated fat? | 10% with a goal of <7%
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| What is the function of fats in the body? | stored energy for the body, provides padding and insulation, important for hormone production and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
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| What is the daily limit of cholesterol? | 200-300mg/day
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| How much energy do fats provide? | 9 calories/ gram
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| water soluble vitamins | Vitamin C and B-complex vitamins
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| fat soluble vitamins | Vitamin A, D, E, K
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| What risk do fat soluble vitamins have? | toxicity because they are stored in the body for a long time
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| What are some conditions that impair absorption of fat-soluble vitamins? | Cystic fibrosis, Celiac disease, Crohn's disease
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| What is Vitamin C's function in the body? | tissue building, metabolism, iron absorption
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| Vitamin C foods | citrus fruits/ juices, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables, peppers
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| What can a Vitamin C deficiency cause? | scurvy (sx: bleeding, joint pain, swollen gums)
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| When should you increase Vitamin C intake? | times of stress and illness
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| Who especially needs more Vitamin C intake? | smokers
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| What is the function of B-complex vitamins in the body? | metabolism, energy, nerve functioning
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| B-complex vitamin foods | meats, milk, enriched grains, whole grains, legumes, green leafy vegetables
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| What does thiamin deficiency cause? | beriberi, common in those who have alcohol use disorder
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| What does riboflavin deficiency cause? | cheilosis (cracking at the corners of the mouth), glossitis (smooth/ swollen red tongue)
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| What does folate deficiency cause? | neural tube defects in utero
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| What does cobalamin deficiency cause? | pernicious anemia, affects strict vegans and those lacking intrinsic factor (need for absorption of B12)
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| What is the function of Vitamin A in the body? | vision health, skeletal and soft tissue development/ strength
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| Vitamin A foods | orange/ yellow fruits and vegetables (carrots, apricots, cantaloupe), fatty fish, eggs, liver, dairy products
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| What does a Vitamin A deficiency cause? | vision issues, xerophthalmia (dry/ thickened conjunctiva and cornea)
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| What is the function of Vitamin D in the body? | helps with absorption of calcium and phosphorus, bone mineralization
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| Vitamin D foods/ sources | sunlight, fortified milk, fatty fish, eggs
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| What does a Vitamin D deficiency cause? | rickets, bone loss
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| What is the function of Vitamin E in the body? | antioxidant (protects cells from damage
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| Vitamin E foods | fat containing foods (vegetable oil, nuts), dark green vegetables, whole grains
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| What does a Vitamin E deficiency cause? | rare, muscle pain/ weakness, poor balance
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| What is the function of Vitamin K in the body? | blood clotting, bone maintenance
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| Vitamin K foods | dark green vegetables, carrots, eggs
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| What does a Vitamin K deficiency cause? | increased bleeding time
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| What is Vitamin K the antidote for? | warfarin
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| normal sodium levels | 136-145 mEq/L
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| What is the function of sodium in the body? | maintains fluid balance in body, nerve, and muscle function
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| sodium foods | salt, processed foods
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| hypernatremia | high sodium levels that cause hypervolemia, hypertension
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| hyponatremia | low sodium levels that cause confusion (common in elderly), muscle cramping, fatigue, nausea/ vomiting, headache
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| normal potassium levels | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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| What is the function of potassium in the body? | maintains ICF balance, nerve function, regulates muscle and heart contractions
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| potassium foods | bananas, potatoes, tomatoes, oranges, cantaloupe, avocados, dark green vegetables
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| hyperkalemia | high potassium levels causing dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, numbness/ tingling, nausea/ vomiting, confusion
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| hypokalemia | low potassium levels causing dysrhythmias, muscle cramps, constipation
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| normal chloride levels | 98-106 mEq/L
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| What is the function of chloride in the body? | digestion, maintainance of ICF and ECF balance
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| chloride foods | salt
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| hyperchloremia | high chloride levels causing nausea/ vomiting
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| hypochloremia | low chloride levels causing muscle cramps, GI upset
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| normal calcium levels | 9-10.5 mg/dL
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| calcium foods | dairy products, dark green vegetables, fortified foods
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| What is the function of calcium in the body? | bone/ teeth formation, nerve and muscle function, clotting, blood pressure
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| hypercalcemia | high calcium levels causing constipation, decreased deep tendon reflexes, kidney stones, lethargy
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| hypocalcemia | low calcium levels causing positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, muscle spams, tingling in lips/ fingers
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| normal magnesium levels | 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
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| What is the function of magnesium in the body? | nerve and muscle formation, bone formation, critical for many biochemical reactions in body
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| magnesium foods | nuts, dark green vegetables, whole grains, meat, milk
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| hypermagnesemia | high magnesium levels causing nausea/ vomiting, hypotension, muscle weakness, lethargy, respiratory and cardiac arrest
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| hypomagnesemia | low magnesium levels causing dysrhythmias, tremors, seizures, confusion, increased deep tendon reflexes
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| normal phosphorus levels | 3.0-4.5 mEq/L
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| phosphorus foods | dairy (including cheese), dark green vegetables, meat, fish, eggs, legumes
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| hyperphosphatemia | high levels of phosphorus causing positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, muscle spasms, tingling in lips/ fingers
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| What is the function of iodine in the body? | used in the synthesis of thyroxine (thyroid hormone) RDA = 100-150mcg
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| iodine foods | table salt, seafood
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| What is the function of fluoride in the body? | protects against cavities
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| fluoride sources | water
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| What is the function of zinc in the body? | immune function
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| zinc foods | nuts, meat, fortified cereal, beans
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| What is the function of iron in the body? | used to make hemoglobin (component of RBCs
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| iron foods | meat, fish, grains, legumes
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| side effects of iron | constipation, GI upset, tooth discoloration
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| What technique should you use when giving iron injections? | Z-track method for IM injection
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| What is the recommended intake for water per day? | 2-3L (minimum 1.5L)
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| sensible fluid loss | can be measured (urine, vomit)
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| insensible fluid loss | fluid loss from lungs, skin, and water excreted in feces
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| Which age groups are at higher risk for dehydration? | older adults and children
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| What are signs of dehydration? | poor skin turgor, confusion, hypotension, decreased urine output, increased urine osmolality, dry mucous membranes, thirst
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| catabolism | breaking down of substances, resulting in a release of energy
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| anabolism | use of energy to build/ repair substances
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| basal metabolic rate | energy required for involuntary activities in the body within a 24 hour period (ex: heart function, respirations, temperature regulation
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| What causes increases in BMR? | male gender, increased muscle mass, stress, periods of growth (childhood, puberty), pregnancy/ lactation, exposure to cold, disease/ illness (hyperthyroidism, sepsis, burns, cancer, fever, surgery)
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| What causes decreases in BMR? | female gender, short stature, less muscle mass (more fat), starvation, older age (>60 years old), hypothyroidism
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| nitrogen | component of amino acids (found in protein sources)
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| nitrogen balance | nitrogen intake - nitrogen excretion (adults should have neutral amount of this)
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| positive nitrogen balance | occurs during periods of growth (childhood, puberty, pregnancy, lactation)
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| negative nitrogen balance | indicates insufficient protein intake (due to illness, malnutrition, aging) patient is using protein faster than it is being synthesized
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| signs of malnutrition | wasted appearance, poor wound healing, dry patches on skin, hair loss, dry/brittle hair, weakness, poor coordination, low prealbumin and albumin
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| normal prealbumin levels | 15-36 mg/dL
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| normal albumin levels | 3.5-5 mg/dL
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| ways to increase protein and calorie intake | add milk powder to milk (whole milk), add high calorie foods to diet (cheese, peanut butter, eggs, nuts), encourage use of supplements, collaborate with dietician/ nutritionist
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| To lose a pound a week, how much do you need to decrease your daily calories by? | 500 calories
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| How many servings of fruits/ vegetables should you eat according to the dietary guidelines for Americans? | 5 or more servings
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| vegan diet | no animal products at all (no meat, no dairy, no eggs)
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| lacto vegetarian diet | dairy products are ok to consume
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| lacto-ovo vegetarian diet | diary products and eggs are ok to consume
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| What should you make sure individuals following a vegan diet get enough of? | vitamin D, vitamin B12, and omega-3 fatty acids
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| ways to prevent foodborne illness | frequent hand hygiene, refrigerate perishable products within 2 hours (or within 1 hour when temperature is 90 degrees or more), prevent cross contamination during food preparation, cook foods to recommended temperatures
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| common foods that cause foodborne illnesses | raw/ undercooked meat, raw sprouts, unpasteurized fruit juice, raw fruits/ veggies contaminated with animal feces, raw milk products
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| common foodborne illnesses | salmonella, E. coli, listeria, norovirus
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| how does grapefruit juice affect medications? | affects metabolism of many medications including statins
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| how do foods high in vitamin K affect medications? | interferes with effectiveness of warfarin
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| how do high protein foods affect medications? | interferes with absorption of Levodopa (Parkinson's medication)
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| how do tyramine-rich foods affect medications? | can cause hypertensive crisis in patients taking MAOIs (Examples: smoked meats, cheese, avocado, wine, chocolate, bananas, peanuts)
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| how do potassium-rich foods affect medications? | can cause potassium levels to be too high in patients taking ACE inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics
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| acculturation | adopting the traits of the dominant culture
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| ethnocentrism | the belief that one's own culture is superior to all others. they view world from their own cultural viewpoint. nurses should NOT demonstrate this
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| Orthodox Jewish diet | Kosher kitchens, do not eat meat with dairy, no pork products or shellfish
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| Muslim diet | no caffeine (coffee, tea, soda), fasting during Ramadan
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| Mormon diet | no caffeine (coffee, tea, soda)
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| Catholic diet | no meat on Ash Wednesday and Fridays during Lent
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| What do African Americans have a higher risk for? | type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension
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| What do Latino Americans have a higher risk for? | type 2 diabetes
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| What do Asian Americans have a high intake of? | sodium
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