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What percentage of calories do carbohydrates make up?
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What is the function of carbohydrates in the body?`
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ati nutrition

TermDefinition
What percentage of calories do carbohydrates make up? 45-65%
What is the function of carbohydrates in the body?` energy, regulate fat/protein metabolism, important for cardiac and CNS functioning
glycogen stored carbohydrate energy in the liver and muscles, released in between meals to maintain blood glucose levels
How much energy do carbs provide? 4 calories/ gram
What is the recommended fiber intake? 25g/day for women and 38g/day for men
What percentage of calories do proteins make up? 10-35% (0.8g/kg)
What is the function of proteins in the body? support tissue building, metabolism, immune function, maintain nitrogen balance, important for wound healing
complete proteins contain sufficient amounts of 9 essential amino acids (animal sources, soy)
incomplete proteins (plant sources) can be combined to make a complete protein
How much energy do proteins provide? 4 calories/ gram
What are some examples of protein energy malnutrition (PEM)? Kwashiorkor, Marasmus
What percentage of calories do fats make up? 20-35%
What percentage of calories should come from saturated fat? 10% with a goal of <7%
What is the function of fats in the body? stored energy for the body, provides padding and insulation, important for hormone production and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
What is the daily limit of cholesterol? 200-300mg/day
How much energy do fats provide? 9 calories/ gram
water soluble vitamins Vitamin C and B-complex vitamins
fat soluble vitamins Vitamin A, D, E, K
What risk do fat soluble vitamins have? toxicity because they are stored in the body for a long time
What are some conditions that impair absorption of fat-soluble vitamins? Cystic fibrosis, Celiac disease, Crohn's disease
What is Vitamin C's function in the body? tissue building, metabolism, iron absorption
Vitamin C foods citrus fruits/ juices, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables, peppers
What can a Vitamin C deficiency cause? scurvy (sx: bleeding, joint pain, swollen gums)
When should you increase Vitamin C intake? times of stress and illness
Who especially needs more Vitamin C intake? smokers
What is the function of B-complex vitamins in the body? metabolism, energy, nerve functioning
B-complex vitamin foods meats, milk, enriched grains, whole grains, legumes, green leafy vegetables
What does thiamin deficiency cause? beriberi, common in those who have alcohol use disorder
What does riboflavin deficiency cause? cheilosis (cracking at the corners of the mouth), glossitis (smooth/ swollen red tongue)
What does folate deficiency cause? neural tube defects in utero
What does cobalamin deficiency cause? pernicious anemia, affects strict vegans and those lacking intrinsic factor (need for absorption of B12)
What is the function of Vitamin A in the body? vision health, skeletal and soft tissue development/ strength
Vitamin A foods orange/ yellow fruits and vegetables (carrots, apricots, cantaloupe), fatty fish, eggs, liver, dairy products
What does a Vitamin A deficiency cause? vision issues, xerophthalmia (dry/ thickened conjunctiva and cornea)
What is the function of Vitamin D in the body? helps with absorption of calcium and phosphorus, bone mineralization
Vitamin D foods/ sources sunlight, fortified milk, fatty fish, eggs
What does a Vitamin D deficiency cause? rickets, bone loss
What is the function of Vitamin E in the body? antioxidant (protects cells from damage
Vitamin E foods fat containing foods (vegetable oil, nuts), dark green vegetables, whole grains
What does a Vitamin E deficiency cause? rare, muscle pain/ weakness, poor balance
What is the function of Vitamin K in the body? blood clotting, bone maintenance
Vitamin K foods dark green vegetables, carrots, eggs
What does a Vitamin K deficiency cause? increased bleeding time
What is Vitamin K the antidote for? warfarin
normal sodium levels 136-145 mEq/L
What is the function of sodium in the body? maintains fluid balance in body, nerve, and muscle function
sodium foods salt, processed foods
hypernatremia high sodium levels that cause hypervolemia, hypertension
hyponatremia low sodium levels that cause confusion (common in elderly), muscle cramping, fatigue, nausea/ vomiting, headache
normal potassium levels 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
What is the function of potassium in the body? maintains ICF balance, nerve function, regulates muscle and heart contractions
potassium foods bananas, potatoes, tomatoes, oranges, cantaloupe, avocados, dark green vegetables
hyperkalemia high potassium levels causing dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, numbness/ tingling, nausea/ vomiting, confusion
hypokalemia low potassium levels causing dysrhythmias, muscle cramps, constipation
normal chloride levels 98-106 mEq/L
What is the function of chloride in the body? digestion, maintainance of ICF and ECF balance
chloride foods salt
hyperchloremia high chloride levels causing nausea/ vomiting
hypochloremia low chloride levels causing muscle cramps, GI upset
normal calcium levels 9-10.5 mg/dL
calcium foods dairy products, dark green vegetables, fortified foods
What is the function of calcium in the body? bone/ teeth formation, nerve and muscle function, clotting, blood pressure
hypercalcemia high calcium levels causing constipation, decreased deep tendon reflexes, kidney stones, lethargy
hypocalcemia low calcium levels causing positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, muscle spams, tingling in lips/ fingers
normal magnesium levels 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
What is the function of magnesium in the body? nerve and muscle formation, bone formation, critical for many biochemical reactions in body
magnesium foods nuts, dark green vegetables, whole grains, meat, milk
hypermagnesemia high magnesium levels causing nausea/ vomiting, hypotension, muscle weakness, lethargy, respiratory and cardiac arrest
hypomagnesemia low magnesium levels causing dysrhythmias, tremors, seizures, confusion, increased deep tendon reflexes
normal phosphorus levels 3.0-4.5 mEq/L
phosphorus foods dairy (including cheese), dark green vegetables, meat, fish, eggs, legumes
hyperphosphatemia high levels of phosphorus causing positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, muscle spasms, tingling in lips/ fingers
What is the function of iodine in the body? used in the synthesis of thyroxine (thyroid hormone) RDA = 100-150mcg
iodine foods table salt, seafood
What is the function of fluoride in the body? protects against cavities
fluoride sources water
What is the function of zinc in the body? immune function
zinc foods nuts, meat, fortified cereal, beans
What is the function of iron in the body? used to make hemoglobin (component of RBCs
iron foods meat, fish, grains, legumes
side effects of iron constipation, GI upset, tooth discoloration
What technique should you use when giving iron injections? Z-track method for IM injection
What is the recommended intake for water per day? 2-3L (minimum 1.5L)
sensible fluid loss can be measured (urine, vomit)
insensible fluid loss fluid loss from lungs, skin, and water excreted in feces
Which age groups are at higher risk for dehydration? older adults and children
What are signs of dehydration? poor skin turgor, confusion, hypotension, decreased urine output, increased urine osmolality, dry mucous membranes, thirst
catabolism breaking down of substances, resulting in a release of energy
anabolism use of energy to build/ repair substances
basal metabolic rate energy required for involuntary activities in the body within a 24 hour period (ex: heart function, respirations, temperature regulation
What causes increases in BMR? male gender, increased muscle mass, stress, periods of growth (childhood, puberty), pregnancy/ lactation, exposure to cold, disease/ illness (hyperthyroidism, sepsis, burns, cancer, fever, surgery)
What causes decreases in BMR? female gender, short stature, less muscle mass (more fat), starvation, older age (>60 years old), hypothyroidism
nitrogen component of amino acids (found in protein sources)
nitrogen balance nitrogen intake - nitrogen excretion (adults should have neutral amount of this)
positive nitrogen balance occurs during periods of growth (childhood, puberty, pregnancy, lactation)
negative nitrogen balance indicates insufficient protein intake (due to illness, malnutrition, aging) patient is using protein faster than it is being synthesized
signs of malnutrition wasted appearance, poor wound healing, dry patches on skin, hair loss, dry/brittle hair, weakness, poor coordination, low prealbumin and albumin
normal prealbumin levels 15-36 mg/dL
normal albumin levels 3.5-5 mg/dL
ways to increase protein and calorie intake add milk powder to milk (whole milk), add high calorie foods to diet (cheese, peanut butter, eggs, nuts), encourage use of supplements, collaborate with dietician/ nutritionist
To lose a pound a week, how much do you need to decrease your daily calories by? 500 calories
How many servings of fruits/ vegetables should you eat according to the dietary guidelines for Americans? 5 or more servings
vegan diet no animal products at all (no meat, no dairy, no eggs)
lacto vegetarian diet dairy products are ok to consume
lacto-ovo vegetarian diet diary products and eggs are ok to consume
What should you make sure individuals following a vegan diet get enough of? vitamin D, vitamin B12, and omega-3 fatty acids
ways to prevent foodborne illness frequent hand hygiene, refrigerate perishable products within 2 hours (or within 1 hour when temperature is 90 degrees or more), prevent cross contamination during food preparation, cook foods to recommended temperatures
common foods that cause foodborne illnesses raw/ undercooked meat, raw sprouts, unpasteurized fruit juice, raw fruits/ veggies contaminated with animal feces, raw milk products
common foodborne illnesses salmonella, E. coli, listeria, norovirus
how does grapefruit juice affect medications? affects metabolism of many medications including statins
how do foods high in vitamin K affect medications? interferes with effectiveness of warfarin
how do high protein foods affect medications? interferes with absorption of Levodopa (Parkinson's medication)
how do tyramine-rich foods affect medications? can cause hypertensive crisis in patients taking MAOIs (Examples: smoked meats, cheese, avocado, wine, chocolate, bananas, peanuts)
how do potassium-rich foods affect medications? can cause potassium levels to be too high in patients taking ACE inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics
acculturation adopting the traits of the dominant culture
ethnocentrism the belief that one's own culture is superior to all others. they view world from their own cultural viewpoint. nurses should NOT demonstrate this
Orthodox Jewish diet Kosher kitchens, do not eat meat with dairy, no pork products or shellfish
Muslim diet no caffeine (coffee, tea, soda), fasting during Ramadan
Mormon diet no caffeine (coffee, tea, soda)
Catholic diet no meat on Ash Wednesday and Fridays during Lent
What do African Americans have a higher risk for? type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension
What do Latino Americans have a higher risk for? type 2 diabetes
What do Asian Americans have a high intake of? sodium
Created by: ismanieg
 

 



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