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The Science of Psychology

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psychology   the scientific study of behavior and mental processes  
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scientific method   an approach to knowledge that relies on collecting data, generating a theory to explain the data, producing testable hypotheses based on the theory, and testing these hypotheses empirically  
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theory   systematic explanation of a phenomenon; it organizes known facts, allows us to predict new facts, and permits us to exercise a degree of control over the phenomenon  
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hypotheses   specific, testable predictions derived from a theory  
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structuralism   school of psychology that stressed the basic units of experience and the combination in which they occur  
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functionalist theory   theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment  
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psychodynamic theories   personality theories contending that behavior results from psychological forces that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness  
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behaviorism   school of psychology that studies only observable and measurable behavior  
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Gestalt psychology   school of psychology that studies how people perceive and experience objects as whole patterns  
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humanistic psychology   school of psychology that emphasizes nonverbal experience and altered states of consciousness as a means of realizing one's full human potential  
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cognitive psychology   school of psychology devoted to the study of mental processes in the broadest sense  
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evolutionary psychology   an approach to, and subfield of, psychology that is concerned with the evolutionary origins of behaviore and mental processes, their adaptive values, and the purposes they continue to serve  
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positive psychology   an emerging field of psych that focuses on positive experiences, including subjective well-being, self-determination, the relationship between positive emotions and physical health, and the factors that allow indivs, communities, societies to flourish  
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gender   the psychological and social meanings attached to being biologically male or female; often used interchangeably with one's biological makeup or sex  
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gender stereotypes   general beliefs about characteristics that are presumed to be typical of each sex  
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gender roles   behaviors that we expect each gender to engage in  
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sexual orientation   refers to the directions of one's sexual interest toward members of the same sex, other sex, or both sexes  
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race   a subpopulation of a species, defined according to an identifiable characteristic (e.g. geographic location, skin color, hair texture, genes, facial features)  
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ethnic group   a category of people who have migrated to another country but still see themselves as distinctive because of a common background  
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culture   the tangible goods and the values, attitudes, and beliefs that are passed from one generation to another  
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empirical evidence   information derived from systematic, objective observation  
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naturalistic observation   research method involving the systematic study of animal or human behavior in natural settings rather than in the laboratory  
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observer bias   expectations or biases of the observer that might distort or influence his or her interpretation of what was actually observed  
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case study   intensive description and analysis of a single individual or just a few individuals  
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survey researh   research technique in which questionnaires or interviews are administered to a selected group of people  
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correlational research   research technique based on the naturally occuring relationship between two or more variables  
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experimental method   a research technique in which an investigator deliberately manipulates selected events or circumstances and then measures the effects of those manipulations on subsequent behavior  
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participants   individuals whose reactions or responses are observed in an experiment  
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independent variable   in an experiment, the variable that is manipulated to test its effects on the other, dependent variable  
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dependent variable   in an experiment, the variable that is measured to see how it is changed by manipulations in the independent variable  
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experimental group   in a controlled experiment, the group subjected to a change in the independent variable  
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control group   in a controlled experiment, the group not subjected to a change in the independent variable; used for comparison with the experimental group  
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experimenter bias   expectations by the experimenter that might influence the results of an experiment or its interpretation  
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sample   selection of cases from a larger population  
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random sample   sample in which each potential participant has an equal chance of being selected  
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representative sample   sample carefully chosen so that the characterisitcs of the participants corresponds closely to the characteristics of the larger population  
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