322 Anticonvulsants, Parkinson's, Alzheimer, MS, MG
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| prodromal phase seizure | sensation days before, anxiety, headache
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| early ictal seizure | prepare oneself for what is about to occur, differs based on seizure; may alter taste, numbness
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| ictal phase seizure | seizure itself, vision loss, tremors
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| postictal phase seizure | drowsiness, nausea, malaise; put in side position to prevent tongue from closing over trachea
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| anticonvulsants | antiseizure drugs, have a narrow therapeutic index
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| hydantoins, phenytoin | stabilizes nerve cells to keep them from getting overexcited; interfere with vitamin K metabolism; purple glove syndrome
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| side effects of hydantoins | gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, slurred speech, anorexia, urine discoloration, hyperglycemia
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| iminostilbene side effects | possible interaction with grapefruit juice; hematologic toxicity, dizziness, GI distress
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| succinimides | treat absence seizures; suppress abnormal electric activity, decrease calcium influx
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| succinimides adverse reactions | blood dycrasias, steven johnson rash, lupus, suicidal ideation
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| valproic acid | increases GABA activity, can cause thrombocytopenia and liver toxicity is deadly
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| status epilepticus | ongoing seizure, medical emergency treated with diazepam or lorazepam followed by phenytoin; slow IV to avoid depression
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| myasthenia gravis | antibodies attach ACh receptors and decrease attachment to receptors at neuromuscular junction and prevents normal muscular contraction
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| myasthenia gravis signs | weakness and fatigue of muscles; affects eye muscles, chewing, facial muscles and respiratory muscles
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| treatment of myasthenia gravis | acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; neostigmine, pyridostigmine, edrophonium
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| if ACE inhibitors do not work | prednisone for myasthenia gravis, immunosuppressive drug
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| myasthenia crisis | underdosing acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ; generalized muscle weakness involves diaphragm and intercostal muscles leading to respiratory failure
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| cholinergic crisis | overdosing acetylcholinesterase inhibitors causes possible respiratory depression and arrest; use atropine as antidote
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| multiple sclerosis | autoimmune disorder that attacks myelin sheath of nerve fibers creating lesions and plaques
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| multiple sclerosis treatment | immunomodulators, immunosuppressants, skeletal muscle relaxants
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| immunomodulators | modify body's immune response so body doesn't attack itself, inhibits function of cytokines
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| immunosuppressants | suppress the immune system
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| skeletal muscle relaxants | depress neuron activity in the spinal cord and enhance neuronal inhibition of skeletal muscles
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| peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants | treat muscle spasticity
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| centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants | treat muscle spasms
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| spascticity | muscular hyperactivity that causes contraction of the muscles resulting in pain and limited mobility
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| spasms | associated with traumatic injury
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| parkinson's | chronic progressive neurologic disorder; imbalance of acetylcholine and dopamine; lack of dopamine
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| parkinson's hallmark signs | tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, flat affect
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| dopaminergics | convert dopamine and increase mobility; carbidopa levodopa
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| dopamine agonists | promotes release of dopamine from receptors, blocks dopamine reuptake
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| MAO B inhibitors | inhibit MAO B from breaking down dopamine; prolongs action of levodopa
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| COMT inhbitors | inhibit COMT from inactivating dopamine, increase amount of levodopa in the brain
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| carbidopa levodopa considerations | dry mouth and fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, dyskinesia, hallucinations and nightmares, sweat and urine discoloration
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| alzheimer's | memory loss, impaired judgment, sundowning
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| treatment for alzheimer's | donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine; acetylcholinesterase inhibitors prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine and help slow the progression
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| adverse effect for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors | orthostatic hypotension
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| hydantoin range | 10 -20
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| iminmostilbene range | 4 -12
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| succinimide range | 40 - 100
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