322 GI meds
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| antiemetics | correct or control vomiting; centrally or local acting
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| acute dystonia | facial grimacing, involuntary upward eye movement, muscle spasm of tongue and face
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| akathisia | restless, trouble standing still, feet in constant motion, rocking
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| serotonin antagonists (preferred drug) | blocks serotonin receptors and afferent vagal nerve terminals in upper GI tract; ondansetron most effective in chemo
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| side effects of glucocorticoids | fluid and sodium retention, fractures, osteoporosis
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| cannabinoids | appetite stimulant; marinol
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| prokinetic agents | increase tone and motility of GI tract; metocolopramide
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| metoclopramide, reglan | suppresses emesis by blocking dopamine receptors in CTZ, increases peristalsis and gastric emptying
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| antidiarrheals | inhibit gastric motility by decreasing intestinal motility and peristalsis
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| side effects of antidiarrheals | constipation, CNS depression
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| adsorbents | coat the wall of the GI tract absorbing bacteria or toxins that cause diarrhea
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| imodium | slows motility by affecting water and electrolyte movement through the bowel; increases tone of anal sphincter reducing incontinence and urge
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| osmotic laxative | hyperosmolar salts pull water into colon and increase water in feces to increase bulk, stimulating peristalsis and defecation
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| osmotic laxative | produces semi formed and watery stool, lactulose and glycerin
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| stimulant laxative | increases peristalsis by irritating sensory nerve endings in the intestinal mucosa
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| stimulant laxative | bisacodyl and castor oil; harsh acts in 2 to 6 hours; can block absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins
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| stimulant senns | changes urine color; reddish brown
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| bulk forming laxative | natural, fibrous substance that promotes large, soft stools by absorbing water into the intestine, increasing fecal bulk and peristalsis, promotes well formed, soft stools
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| emollient laxative | stool softener, docusate given with full glass of water; may cause mild cramping
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| chloride channel activator laxatives | activates chloride channels in small intestine leading to an increase in intestinal fluid secretion and motility
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| antiemetic assessment | determine onset, frequency and amount of vomiting; risk for dehydration
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| red diarrhea | lower GI tract, colon
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| black diarrhea | upper GI tract
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| H2 blockers | block receptors of parietal cells to reduce gastric acid secretion and concentration
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| H2 blockers treat | gastric and duodenal ulcers, prevent acid reflux in the esophagus
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| PPI | suppress secretion of hydrochloric acids into the lumen of the stomach by inhibiting hydrogen/ potassium ATPase enzyme system
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| PPI | does not allow the body to produce HCl acid
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| adverse effects with long term use of PPI | pneumonia, fractures and osteoporosis, rebound acid secretion, c diff
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| PPI | prazole
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| peptic ulcer | occur when there is a hyper secretion of HCl and pepsin which erode the mucosal lining
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| esophageal ulcer | reflux of acidic gastric secretions into esophagus due to an incompetent cardiac sphincter
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| gastric ulcer | breakdown of gastric mucosal barrier
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| gastric ulcer | insufficient buffers to neutralize gastric acid in the stomach; pain 30 to 1.5 hours after eating
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| duodenal ulcer | hyper secretion of acid from the stomach passing into the duodenum; pain occurs 2 to 3 hours after eating
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| GERD | inflammation or erosion of the esophageal mucosa caused by reflux of gastric acid in the esophagus
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| antacids | inorganic chemicals neutralize acids
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| nonsystemic antacids | alkaline salts; milk of magnesia can cause diarrhea or constipation
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| systemically absorbed antacids | calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate
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| H2 blockers | prevent acid reflux, work quicker than PPI, reduce acid secretion
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| PPI | suppress secretion of hydrochloric acid in lumen of the stomach
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| bulk forming laxative caution | a decrease in fluid could cause an obstruction
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| drugs to treat PUD | tranquilizers, anticholinergics, antacids, H2 blockers, PPI, prostaglandin E analog, pepsin inhbitors
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