RTE 2712 Week 3 Lymph and Endoc systems
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| The lymphatic system is composed of | Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and the spleen
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| Anatomically, lymph vessels resemble | Veins
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| The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the | Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
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| Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the | Thoracic duct
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| ____ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx | Tonsisls
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| Lymphatic organs are different from lymphatic tissues in that lymphatic organs | Are separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.
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| The spleen | is the largest lymphatic organ,is located in the LUQ, contains nodules similar to other lymphatic nodules, contains lymphocytes
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| The white pulp of the spleen is composed primarily of | Lymphocytes
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| The body's nonspecific defenses include | Complement, interferon, inflammation, and skin
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| The primary function of the lymphatic system is | The production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes
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| Immunological surveillance involves which of the following cells | Natural killer cells (NK cells)
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| Interferons may be described as | Antiviral substances, coordinators of local defense activities, products of activated lymphocytes and macrophages, an example of cytokines
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| An inflammatory response is triggered when | mast cells release histamine, serotonin, and heparin
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| Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from the mother to fetus is called | passive natural
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| Cells that help to regulate the immune response are | Helper T cells
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| T cells are responsible for | Cellular immunity
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| Stem cells that will form T cells are modified in the | Thymus
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| In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must | bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte membrane
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| The role of the spleen is slightly different than other lymph organs because it also | filters blood
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| The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the | B cells
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| Defense mechanisms that either prevent or slow the entry of infectious organisms, or attack them if they do gain entry | Non specific
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| Immunity is the ability to resist infection and disease through the activation of | Specific defense
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| The cells that are vital to the body's ability to resist or overcome infection and disease are called | Lymphocytes
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| The major components of the lymphoid system include | Lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymphoid organs
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| Lymphoid organs found in the lymphoid system include | The spleen, the thymus, and lymph nodes
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| The lymphoid system | Helps maintain normal blood volume, fights infection, eliminates variations in composition of interstitial fluid
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| Anatomically, lymph vessels resemble | Veins
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| Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by the way of the | Thoracic ducts
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| The structures in the lymphoid system that act as a way station for cancer cells are the | Lymph nodes
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| The three class of lymphocytes found in the blood are | T cells, B cells, and NK cells
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| Lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are | Helper T cells and suppressor T cells
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| Normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphopoiesis in the | Bone marrow and thymus
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| The type of lymphocytes that produce antibodies are | B cells
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| Cytotoxic T cells are the primary providers of | Cell-mediated immunity
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| Hemocytoblasts in the bone marrow produce lymphoid stem cells that generate | T cells, NK cells, B cells
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| The body's nonspecific defenses that are present at birth include | Physical barriers, phagocyte cells, immunological surveillance, fever, interferons, complement, and inflammation
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| NK cells sensitive to the presence of abnormal cell membranes are primarily involved in | immunological surveillance
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| The proteins that interfere with replication of viruses is(are) | Interferon
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| The nonspecific defense that breaks down cell wall, attracts phagocytes, and stimulates inflammation is | the complement system
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| Circulating proteins that reset thermostat in the hypothalamus, causing a rise in body temp, are called | pyrogens
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| Nonspecific defense strategies | Physical barrier, phagocytes, immunological surveillance, Interferons, Complement sys., Inflammation, and fever
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| Prevent approach of and deny access to pathogens | Physical barrier (skin)
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| Remove debris and pathogens | Phagocytes
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| Destroys abnormal cells | Immunological surveillance
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| Increase resistance of cells to viral infection; slow the spread of disease | Interferons
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| Attacks and breaks down cell walls; attracts phagocytes; stimulates inflammation | Complement systems
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| Has multiple effects | Inflammation response (Blood flow increased, phagocytes activated, and clotting)
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| Mobilizes defense; accelerated repairs; inhibits pathogens | Fever (rises above 37.2^C)
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| The four general properties of specific defenses include | Specificity, versatility, memory, and tolerance
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| The two major ways the body carries out the immune response are | direct attack by T cells and circulating antibodies
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| A specific defense mechanism is always activated by | An antigen
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| The first line of cellular defense against pathogens is | phagocytes
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| Immunity resulting from natural exposure to an antigen in the environment is called | Active immunity
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| Immunity that results from the transfer of antibodies to an individual from some other source is called | passive immunity
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| The basic principle behind vaccination to prevent disease involves | induced active immunity
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| When an antigen appears, the immune response begins with the | activation of specific T cells and B cells
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| When the immune recognition system malfunctions, activated B cells begin to | manufacture antibodies against other cells and tissues
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| T cells are involved with ______ and ____ attack pathogens | cell-mediated responses; directly
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| B cells are involved with ___ and create a chemical attack on ____ | humoral responses; antigens
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| The cells responsible for the production of circulating antibodies are | plasma cells
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| T cell activation leads to the formation of cytotxic T cells and memory T cells that provide | cell-mediated immunity
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| Destruction of target cells by the local release of cytokines, lymphotoxins, or perforin | Cytotoxic T cells
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| Suppressor T cells act to | limit the degree of memory in memory T cells
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| A defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells is provided by | T cells
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| An active antibody is shaped like a(n) | Y
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| The most important antibody action(s) in the body is(are) | activation of the complement systems
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| The specificity of an antibody is determined by the | variable segments of light and heavy chains
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| The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in | neutralization of the antigen, agglutination or precipitation, complement activation
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| The antigenic determinant site is that portion of the antigen's exposed surface where | the antibody attacks
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| In order for an antigenic molecule to be a complete antigen, it must | be immunogenic and reactive
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| Antibody secretion by memory B cells is the secondary response to | antigen exposure
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| The reason the primary response takes time to develop is that | memory B cells must differentiate into plasma cells
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| the antibodies produced by active plasma cells bind to the target antigen to | destroy it
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| The hormones released by synthesizing cells that make neighboring cells resistant to viral infection, thereby slowing the spread of the virus, are called | Interferons
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| The ability to demonstrate immune response upon exposure to antigen is called | immunological competence
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| Misguided antibodies that function against normal body cells and tissues are called | autoantibodies
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| Inappropriate or excessive immune response to antigens are | allergies
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| When an immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, the result is | an autoimmune disorder
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| When the immune system fails to develop normally or the immune response is blocked in some way, the condition is called an | immunodeficiency disease
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| Monocytes | Macrophages
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| Microphages | neutrrophils and eosinopils
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| Mast cells | immunological surveillance
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| acquired immunity | active and passive
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| specific immunity | innate and acquired
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| B cells | humoral immunity
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| passive immunity | transfer antibodies
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| cytotoxic T cells | cellular immunity
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| diapedesis | migration of phagocytes
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| NK cells | immunological surveillance
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| humoral immunity | secretion of antibodies
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| Lymphoma | lymphoid system cancer
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| complement | system of circulating proteins
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| microphages | neutrophils, eosinophils
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| macrophages | monocytes
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| microglia | CNS macrophages
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| interferon | cytokine
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| pyrogens | Induce fever
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| innate immunity | present at birth
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| active immunity | exposure to antigen
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| passive immunity | transfers of antibodies
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| apoptosis | genetically programmed cell death
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| Lymphocytes responsible for providing cell-mediated immunity are called | cytotoxic T cells
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| B cells are responsible for | antibody-mediated immunity
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| Lymphoid stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes occur in the | bone marrow
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| Phagocytes move through the capillary walls by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells, a process known as | diapedesis
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| Perforins are destructive proteins associated with the activity of | T cells
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| Complement activation | Stimulates inflammation, attract phagocytes, and enhances phagocytosis
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| Inflammation | Aids in temporary repair at an injury site, slows the spread of pathogens, and facilitates permanent repair
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| Memory B cells | Respond to subsequent infections that involve the same antigen
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| T cell and B cells can be activated only by | exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site on a cell membrane
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| Lymph flows along a network of lymphatics that originates in the | Lymphatic capillaries
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| Three classes of lymphocytes | T cells, B cells, and NK cells
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| Thymus dependent | T cells
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| Bone marrow-derived | B cells
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| Attack foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses and provide cell-mediated immunity | Cytotoxic T cells
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| Regulate and coordinate the immune response | Regulatory T cells
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| Regulatory T cells | Helper T cells and suppressor T cells
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| B cells can differentiate into | plasma cells
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| Antibodies in body fluids are also called | immunglobulins
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| B cells are responsible for | antibody mediated immunity or humoral immunity
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| What cells provide a monitoring service called immunological surveillance | NK cells
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| Attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses and cancer cells | NK Cells
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| Involves the bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral lymphoid tissues | Lymphopoiesis
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| Distributed in areas especially vulnerable to invasion by pathogens | Lymphoid tissues and organs
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| Encapsulated masses of lymphoid tissue containing lymphocytes. | Lymph nodes
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| The body's two major defense systems | Nonspecific defense and specific defense
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| Do not discriminate between one threat and another | Nonspecific defense
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| Protect against particular threats | Specific
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| Small proteins released by virus-infected cells, trigger the production of antiviral proteins that interfere with replication inside other cells | Interferons
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| Represents a coordinated nonspecific response to tissue injury | Inflammation
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| Can inhibit pathogens and accelerate metabolic processes | Fever
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| Specific defenses are provided by | T cells and B cells
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| Provide cell mediated immunity | T cells
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| provide antibody mediated immunity | B cells
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| genetically determined and present at birth | innate immunity
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| Two types of acquired immunity | Active immunity and passive immunity
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| appears following exposure to an antigen | active immunity
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| produced by the transfer of antibodies from another source | Passive immunity
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| Lymphocytes provide specific immunity, which has four general characteristics | Specificity, versatility, memory, and tolerance
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| Occurs because receptors on T cell and B cell membranes can bind only to specific antigens | Specificity
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| Immune system can respond to any of the thousands of antigens it encounters because of | Versatility
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| Enable the immune system to "remember" previously encountered antigens | Memory cells
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| The ability of the immune system to ignore some antigens, such as normal body cells | Tolerance
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| Cell mediated immunity results from the activation of | Cytotoxic T cells
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| Depress the response of B cells and other T cells | Suppressor T cells
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| Secrete cytokines that help coordinate specific and nonspecific defenses and regulate cellular and humoral immunity | Helper T cells
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| Divides and produces plasma cells and memory B cells | An activated B cell
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| Classes of Antibodies: Responsible for defense against many viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins | IgG
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| Classes of Antibodies: Anti-A and anti-B forms responsible for cross-reactions between incompatible blood types | IgM
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| Classes of Antibodies: Attacks pathogens before they enter the body tissue | IgA
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| Largest class of antibodies (80%), also cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to fetus | IgG
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| First antibody type secreted following initial exposure to antigen | IgM
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| Found in glandular secretions (tears, mucus) | IgA
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| Develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues | Autoimmune disorders
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| The immune system does not develop normally or the immune response is somehow blocked | immunodeficiency disease
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| inappropriate or excessive immune response to allergens | Allergies
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| Four types of allergies | immediate hypersensitivity, cytotoxic reactions, immune complex disorders, and delayed Hypersensitivity
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| Lymph nodes | Produce antibodies from specialized T cells, and act as a "check station" for cancer cells
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| In general, lymphocytes | Spend little time in the blood, have a relatively long life span, are not evenly distributed in the lymphatic tissues
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| The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels enter and exit is called the | Hilum
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| Interferons may be described as | Coordinators of local defense activities, antiviral substances, products of activated lymphocytes and macrophages, an example of cytokines
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| The first line of cellular defense against pathogens is | Phagocytes
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| All of the various macrophages are derived from | Monocytes
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| The cells that are actively involved in immunological surveillance are the | NK cells
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| A foreign invader that may cause disease is called a(n) | Pathogen
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| The immunoglobulins that can cross the placenta are the | IgG
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| Innunoglobulins that are the largest class and are mainly responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins are | IgG
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| Innunoglobulins that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are | IgM
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| Innunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions are | IgA
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| The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) | is a membrane protein that can recognize foreign antigens
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| The chemical mediator responsible for killing tumor cells, stimulating T cell activity, and inhibiting parasites and viruses are termed | Tumor necrosis factors
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| B cells are primarily activated by the activities of | Helper T cells
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| Lymphatic vessels that exit the lymph node are called | Efferent lymphatic vessels
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| Excessive immune responses to antigens are | Allergies
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| Cytotoxic T cells destroy their target cells by releasing substance that alter | Cell membranes
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| Which of the following is an autoimmune disease | rheumatoid arthritis
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| A bacterial infection in the foot would most likely affect lymph nodes in which of the following regions | inguinal
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| The endocrine system | Produces effects that can last for hours, days,etc., releases hormones that alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs simultaneously, releases chemicals into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body
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| All hormones are | Organic compounds
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| Peptide hormones | Are composed by amino acids
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| Steroid hormones | Are lipids and are structurally similar to cholesterol
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| When protein or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell | A second messenger appears in the cytoplasm
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| Steroid hormones | Bind to intracellular receptors
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| Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by | negative feedback
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| An important second messenger in hormonal action is | cAMP
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| Which of the following is released by axon ending in the posterior pituitary | antidiuretic hormone
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| The most complex endocrine responses involve the | hypothalamus
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| Endocrine organs can be controlled by | Direct neural stimulation, releasing hormones from the hypothalamus, hormones from other endocrine glands
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| Hormones that control the function of the anterior pituitary gland are released from the | Hypothalamus
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| The hypothalamus controls the secretion of the anterior pituitary by way of | releasing and inhibiting hormones
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| Which of the following primarily targets the gonads | follicle-stimulating hormone
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| The release of parathyroid hormone is controlled by | Blood calcium levels
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| Parathyroid glands produce a hormone that | increase the level of calcium ions in the blood
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| Cells of the adrenal cortex produce | aldosterone
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| The beta cells of the pancreas produce | insulin
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| Hormone-producing cells of the testes produce | Inhibin and testosterone
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| The adrenal medulla produces | epinephrine
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| The hormone oxytocin | promotes uterine contractions and is responsible for milk production in the mammary glands
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| Thyroid hormone contains the mineral | iodine
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| Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions | pancreas
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| The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is | PRL
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| The pituitary hormone that stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin is | MSH
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| Increased levels of the hormone ___ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood | parathyroid hormone
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| The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to rise | Glucagon
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| Increased numbers of red blood cells would result from increase in the hormone | erythropoietin
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| Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made | hypothalamus
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| Hormones from which of the following glands are responsible for the calorigenic effect | Thyroid gland
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