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History/ Approaches/Subfields

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Term
Definition
structuralism   an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind  
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functionalism   a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish  
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experimental psychology (domain)   the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method  
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behaviorism   the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes; most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)  
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humanistic psychology   Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth  
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psychology   the science of behavior and mental processes  
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nature-nurture issue   the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors; today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture  
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levels of analysis   the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon  
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biopsychosocial psychology   an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis  
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biological psychology   a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes  
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evolutionary psychology   the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection  
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psychodynamic psychology   a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders  
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behavioral psychology   the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning  
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cognitive psychology   the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating  
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social-cultural psychology   the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking  
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basic research   pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base  
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development psychology   the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span  
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educational psychology   the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning  
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personality psychology   the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting  
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social psychology   the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another  
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applied research   scientific study that aims to solve practical problems  
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industrial-organizational psychology   the applications of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces  
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human factors psychology   the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments  
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counseling psychology   a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being  
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clinical psychology   a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders  
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psychiatry   a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (i.e. drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy  
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forensic psychology   Apply psychological principles to legal issues.  
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experimental psychology (domain/job)   Work on research to add new knowledge to the field  
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wilhelm wundt   Founder of scientific psychology Father of Psychology Structuralism  
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edward titchener   Structuralism Student of Wundt  
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margaret floy washburn   First woman to complete PhD in psychology Structuralism  
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william james   wrote Principles of Psychology Functionalism  
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mary calkins   admitted to Harvard graduate seminar by William James all the men dropped out Finished PhD but was denied a degree & given one from sister school for women Later became a memory researcher & 1st female president of the American Psychological Association  
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ivan pavlov   Behavioral Approach Classical conditioning of dogs  
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J.B. watson   Behavioral Approach Classical Aversive conditioning Little Albert Experiment  
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B.F. skinner   Behavioral Approach Operant Conditioning (rewards/punishment) Skinner Box (pigeons)  
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sigmund freud   Psychoanalysis (Father of)  
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carl rogers   Humanistic Approach Unconditional Positive Regard  
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abraham maslow   Humanistic Approach Hierarchy of Needs  
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jean piaget   Cognitive Approach Cognitive development in children  
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critical thinking   thinking that does not blindly accept arguments or conclusions. rather it examines assumptions, appraises the source, recognizes hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.  
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empiricism   the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experiment enable scientific knowledge.  
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introspection   the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one's own psychological processes  
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cognitive neuroscience   the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition includes perception, thinking, memory, and language  
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natural selection   the principle that inherited traits that better enable a organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will ( in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on the succeeding generations  
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behavior genetics   the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior  
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culture   the characteristic attitudes and behaviors of a particular group within society, such as a profession, social class, or age group. that are passed down though generations  
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positive psychology   the scientific study of human flourishing with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive  
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psychometrics   the scientific study of measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits  
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community psychology   a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups  
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Gestalt   Part and whole Psychologists who emphasize the tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.  
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