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History/ Approaches
History/ Approaches/Subfields
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind |
| functionalism | a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish |
| experimental psychology (domain) | the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes; most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) |
| humanistic psychology | Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth |
| psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes |
| nature-nurture issue | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors; today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture |
| levels of analysis | the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon |
| biopsychosocial psychology | an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis |
| biological psychology | a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes |
| evolutionary psychology | the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection |
| psychodynamic psychology | a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders |
| behavioral psychology | the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning |
| cognitive psychology | the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| social-cultural psychology | the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking |
| basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
| development psychology | the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span |
| educational psychology | the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning |
| personality psychology | the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
| social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
| industrial-organizational psychology | the applications of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces |
| human factors psychology | the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments |
| counseling psychology | a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being |
| clinical psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
| psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (i.e. drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy |
| forensic psychology | Apply psychological principles to legal issues. |
| experimental psychology (domain/job) | Work on research to add new knowledge to the field |
| wilhelm wundt | Founder of scientific psychology Father of Psychology Structuralism |
| edward titchener | Structuralism Student of Wundt |
| margaret floy washburn | First woman to complete PhD in psychology Structuralism |
| william james | wrote Principles of Psychology Functionalism |
| mary calkins | admitted to Harvard graduate seminar by William James all the men dropped out Finished PhD but was denied a degree & given one from sister school for women Later became a memory researcher & 1st female president of the American Psychological Association |
| ivan pavlov | Behavioral Approach Classical conditioning of dogs |
| J.B. watson | Behavioral Approach Classical Aversive conditioning Little Albert Experiment |
| B.F. skinner | Behavioral Approach Operant Conditioning (rewards/punishment) Skinner Box (pigeons) |
| sigmund freud | Psychoanalysis (Father of) |
| carl rogers | Humanistic Approach Unconditional Positive Regard |
| abraham maslow | Humanistic Approach Hierarchy of Needs |
| jean piaget | Cognitive Approach Cognitive development in children |
| critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments or conclusions. rather it examines assumptions, appraises the source, recognizes hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
| empiricism | the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experiment enable scientific knowledge. |
| introspection | the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one's own psychological processes |
| cognitive neuroscience | the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition includes perception, thinking, memory, and language |
| natural selection | the principle that inherited traits that better enable a organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will ( in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on the succeeding generations |
| behavior genetics | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior |
| culture | the characteristic attitudes and behaviors of a particular group within society, such as a profession, social class, or age group. that are passed down though generations |
| positive psychology | the scientific study of human flourishing with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive |
| psychometrics | the scientific study of measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits |
| community psychology | a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups |
| Gestalt | Part and whole Psychologists who emphasize the tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. |
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