All issues & debates terms
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| Alpha bias | Exaggeration of differences between genders or cultures, usually presented as real and enduring, devaluing one gender or culture
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| Beta bias | Minimises gender/cultural differences often through generalisation
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| Feminist psychology | Argues that there are biological differences that need to be recognised, however there are also culturally crafted differences due to socialisation. We should recognise the source of difference and address any inferiorities to counteract the effects
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| Indigenous psychologies | Employ psychologists from other culture they aim to study to adapt resources
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| Biological determinism | Behaviour is affected solely by physiological processes that are not under our conscious control
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| Environmental determinism | Our experience of choice is merely the sum total of reinforcement contingencies from our life.
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| Psychic determinism | Behaviour is caused by innate drives and unconscious conflicts
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| Hard determinism | Completely disregards free will- everything is decided by biological and environmental factors
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| Soft determinism | Allows for the possibility of free will - we have inputs and influences but ultimately we get to choose
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| Scientific determinism | The basic assumption of the scientific method that each cause has an effect
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| Scientific emphasis on casual explanations | This is the scientific paradigm that suggests everything has a cause - meaning free will is incompatible with science
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| Moral responsibility | Moral accountability for behaviour
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| Nature | Innate and genetic influences
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| Nurture | Environmental influences acquired through interactions
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| Diathesis-stress model | Biological vulnerability only expressed under certain environmental triggers
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| Holism | Emphasises the whole- the idea that any attempt to break up behaviour and experience is inappropriate as these can only be understood by analysing the person or behaviour as a whole
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| Reductionism | Simplifying an idea down into its constituent parts in order to explain it more easily.
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| Levels of explanation | Different ways of viewing the same phenomena in psychology, some more reductionist than others
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| Biological reductionism | A form of reductionism which attempts to explain social and psychological phenomena at a lower biological level
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| Environmental reductionism | A way of viewing behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning
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| Experimental reductionism | The assumption that all other conditions and variables in a study are the same from one condition to the next
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| Gestalt psychology | The whole is greater than the sum of its parts-- German 1920s+30s
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| Idiographic approach | Attempts to describe the nature of the individual as unique entities with own subjective experiences motivations and values, without generalising to all
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| Nomothetic approach | Aims to produce general laws of behaviour using large samples of quantitative data
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| Research question | A source of ethical problems. Just by studying a particular subject, such as racial differences in IQ could cause issues
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| Socially sensitive research | Research which could have a potentially negative impact on a particular group, e.g. defined by race, gender, sexuality etc.
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| Conduct of research and treatment of participants | The ethical implications of your study for your participants - e.g. in revealing immoral or socially deviant behaviours
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| Institutional context | There may be pressure from the sponsors of a study to 'massage' the findings and come to unscientific conclusions
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| Interpretation and application of findings | The way in which findings could be exploited by others for unethical purposes, such as to support racist or sexist prejudice
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| Publication bias/File-drawer effect | Where psychologists only publish research that supports their aims, and hide away any negative results, creating a biased perception
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