Bio 181 Exam 3
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| In the motor end plate, the event that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is : | Calcium ions
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| The central nervous system (CNS) contains: | There is no correct answer
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| The resting potential of a neuron is: | The answer is not on the list
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| The post-synaptic cell can be: | in glands, muscle cells, neurons
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| The terminal web: | is a site of exocytosis
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| T/F Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating. | False
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| T/F The receptors in a post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory. | False
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| T/F The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron. | False
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| T/F Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin. | False
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| T/F The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal. | False
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| T/F When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate. | True
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| The action potential is: | a result of the movement of ions
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| T/F Receptors are made from membrane bound polyribosomes | True
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| How do glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons? | Glial cells allows the chemistry of the axon to jump down the axon, using the nodes of ranvier, instead of having to occur at every micrometer of the axon length.
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| Draw a neuron and label all the parts as described in the lecture. | (create drawing)
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| List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function. | 1-Schwann cells: Wrap around axons of neurons in PNS
2-Oligodentrocytes: wrap around axons of CNS
3-Astrocytes: contribute to blood-brain barrier, protects brain from toxic chemicals in brain
4-Mircoglia: part of cellular immune system to protect brain
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| What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body? | It could raise glucose levels in your blood.
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| T/F Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis | True
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| Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol | True
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| When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the Automonic Nervous System? | Sympathetic nervous system
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| T/F Insulin is produced by alpha cells | False
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| Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate the balance (i.e, homeostasis) between glycogen and glucose when epinephrine (i.e., adrenalin) is not involved | Insulin lowers the sugar level, glucagon breaks down glycogen to glucose when needed to increase sugar level.
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| T/F Potassium ions are at high concentration inside of the cells including in neurons | True
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| T/F The axon hillock is the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs | True
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| T/F Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells | False
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| T/F The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K- ATPase pump | True
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| T/F Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the parasympathetic nervous system | True
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| T/F Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel | False
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| T/F Excitatory synapses make the post-synaptic cells less likely to fire | False
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| T/F Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid | False
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| The neural tissues are: | Spinal cord, sensory neurons and brain
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| Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web | The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels.
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| Draw an action potential in the axon of a neuron & indicate which ions flow into the neuron & out of the neuron as the action potential passes at the point where the electrodes are in the cell. Be sure to assign on the Y-axis the mV of each of these areas | (add drawing)
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| Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen | When blood levels fall, the pancreas stops releasing insulin, and cell switch to using glycogen and fat energy
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| T/F The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine (i.e. adrenaline) | True
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| T/F When the sympathetic nervous system is triggered glycogen is broken down | True
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| T/F Vitamin D is really a hormone | True
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| T/F Insulin is a ligand | True
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| T/F The Parasympathetic Nervous system is triggered to act by exposure to epinephrine | False
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| Your mom came back from her medical appt and said that her MD told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved? | osteoporosis and estrogen
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| T/F Surfactants is one of the later components made in the fetus (prior to birth) | True
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| T/F Red blood cells carry CO2 back to the lungs. | False
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| The heart contains two circuits. Name them | pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
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| One of the problems with the increased surface area of the lungs is that the _____ could stick to each other causing the lungs to collapse. To get around this, the body secretes _____ into the lungs. | alveoli; surfactant
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| T/F The excretory system uses oxygen because oxygen diffuses more rapidly into the excretory system because it contains water in the urine. | False
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| T/F Nutrients and oxygen can leave the arteries and arterioles to reach the cells | True
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| The lungs are in the thoracic cavity, but they are also in another cavity. What is the name of the other cavity? | pleural cavity
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| T/F Blood moves very rapidly in the capillaries | False
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| T/F The blood flow slows in the capillaries because the increased total area of the capillary is very large | True
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| T/F Tidal breathing causes the incoming air to mix with some older air in the lungs | True
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| T/F The oxygen in the circulatory system functions to bring oxygen to every cell of the body so it ca make ATP | True
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| T/F The atrioventricular node fires after the sinoatrial node | True
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| T/F The inspiratory and the expiratory reserves make up the total volume in the lungs | False
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| Once inside the circulatory system ________ is the molecule that binds with oxygen | hemoglobin
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| There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by ____________ | myoglobin
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| What does carbonic anhydrase do? | Converts CO2 and H2O to H2CO3...carbonic acid. Which is eventually broken down bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
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| There are two factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin. List them: | 1) An increase in temperature 2) H+, PCO2, BPG levels decrease hemoglobin's affinity for O2, enhancing oxygen's unloading from the blood
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| T/F The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure | False
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| T/F When the systole occurs the ventricle is contracting | True
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| What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin | 4
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| T/F The Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule are in the cortex of the kidney | True
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| T/F The inter-weaving of the circulatory system with the nephron is essential for the concentration of urea in the in the urine. | True
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| T/F The kidney gets rid of toxic compounds | True
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| T/F Efferent arterioles enter the Bowman's capsule and afferent arterioles leave the Bowman's capsule | False
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| T/F The medulla of the kidney secretes epinephrine | False
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| T/F Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons | True
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| The collecting duct of the kidney drains into the ______ and this enters the _______ ________ | ureter; urinary bladder
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| T/F Urine leaves our body through the urethra | True
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| T/F The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron | True
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| T/F The kidney controls the water balance in the body | True
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| T/F Blood pressure is the force that drives molecules out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule | True
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| Give an example of homeostasis in the kidney | Kidneys release the enzyme renin which activates a circulating hormone angiotensin. This hormone does things to get blood pressure back up so the pressure remains high for proper function
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| T/F In the proximal convoluted tubule useful molecules are collected and brought back into the circulatory system such as glucose and amino acids, but not the toxic materials | True
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| T/F Blood pressure drives red blood cells and plasma proteins out of the glomerulus | False
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| What happens to the nephron if the blood pressure drops significantly | blood won't be able to be filtered and the kidneys could go into kidney failure
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| T/F When the diaphragm is relaxed, it allows air to leave the lungs including the residual volume | False
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| Oxygen is distributed throughout the body by: | the circulatory system
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| T/F The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates release of oxygen | True
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| T/F When the ventricles contract blood is pushed out into the artery and the artery stretches because of its elastic layers allowing the blood to continue to flow into the circulatory system while the ventricle is relaxing. | True
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| When oxygen passes from the lungs into the circulatory system as a gas, how many cells does it have to pass through to be in the circulatory system? | 2
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| To prevent back flow of blood in the heart there are ______ | valves
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| T/F The left ventricle of the heart contains more muscle | True
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| T/F The lungs have increased surface area to increase the movement of oxygen into the circulatory system | True
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| T/F The pulmonary artery contains oxygenated blood | False
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| When arterial blood pressure falls the body compensates to raise the blood pressure. Explain this process | the body will first increase in sympathetic nerve activity which increases the heart rate. The heart muscle pumps with more force, increasing the stroke volume. This increases cardiac output which increases blood pressure restoring it back to a normal
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| T/F Veins and venueles have valves in them but arteries and arterioles do not. | True
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| When you inhale which set of muscles uses the least amount of ATP and triggers the parasympathetic nervous system? | Diaphragm
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| T/F In mammals, ventilation is tidal | True
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| T/F The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates the production of bicarbonates in the blood | True
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| T/F In capillaries the blood pressure pushes nutrients out of the capillaries towards the cells | True
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| T/F Unlike other epithelia, the epithelia that make up the capillaries have holes in them call fenestrations | True
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| The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the: | sinoatrial node
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| T/F The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs causes it to load into the circulatory system | True
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| T/F Toxins including urea (in mammals) is driven out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule | True
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| T/F The kidney filters about 180 liters of blood per day | True
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| T/F The Bowman's capsule is the beginning of the nephron | True
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| Draw a cross section of an artery or arteriole and label the layers | (drawing)
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