Unit 1
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| What is a somatic cell | Any cell in the body apart from cells involved in reproduction
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| What is a germline cell | Gametes
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| How do germline stem cells divide | by mitosis (more germline stem cells) and meiosis (germline cells)
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| What happens in the first division of meiosis | The homologous chromosomes are separated
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| What happens in the second division meiosis | The chromatids are separated
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| Are somatic cells and somatic stem cells haploid or diploid | Diploid
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| Are germline stem cells haploid or diploid | Diploid
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| Are germline cells haploid or diploid | Haploid
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| What is differentiation | When a cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins characteristic of for that cell type
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| What is a multipotent stem cell and where are they located | They are stem cells found in tissue. They can only differentiate into cell types found in that tissue
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| What is a pluripotent stem cell and where are they found | These are embryonic stem cells they can differentiate into any cell type
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| Why are embryonic stem cells pluripotent | Because all genes can still be switch on.
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| Give some therapeutic uses of stem cells | corneal repair, skin graft, bone marrow transplant
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| Give some research uses of stem cells | drug testing, study disease development, study of cell processes
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| What ethical issues surround the use of embryonic stem cells | it involves the destruction of embryos
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| What is cancer | when cells divide uncontrollable and fail to respond to regulatory signals resulting in an abnormal mass of cells
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| How does a secondary tumour form | When cells of the original tumour fail to attach and spread through the body
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| What three parts make up a DNA nucleotide | deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and a base
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| What is the base pairing rule | Adenine binds to thymine and cytosine binds to guanine
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| What type of bond holds the strands together | Hydrogen bond
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| What type of bond holds nucleotides together | sugar phosphate bond
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| What is meant by the anti parallel structure of DNA | One strand runs from 3' to 5' and the other runs from 5' to 3'
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| What part of a nucleotide is exposed at the 3' end | deoxyribose sugar
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| What part of a nucleotide is exposed at the 5' end | phosphate
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| What are the first two steps of DNA replication | The DNA unwinds and hydrogen bonds are broken
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| What is a primer and why is it needed | short strand of nucleotides that binds to the 3' end of DNA strand being replicated. it is needed to allow DNA polymerase to add nucleotides
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| Why is the leading strand replicated continuously and the lagging strand in fragments | DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end
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| What is the name of the enzyme that joins DNA fragments together | DNA ligase
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| What does PCR do | Amplify DNA
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| What might PCR be used for | Solve crimes, paternity tests, diagnose genetic disorders
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| In PCR, why is DNA firstly heated | To break the hydrogen bonds
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| In PCR , why is DNA cooled | to allow the primer to bind to target sequences
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| In PCR, why is DNA heated to 70-80 C | To provide the optimum temperature for (Taq) Polymerase
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| What is a genome | an organisms entire genetic information encoded in DNA
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| What is genomic sequencing | When the nucleotide base sequence is determined either for entire genome or parts of it
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| What is bioinformatics | Use of computer and statistical analysis to identify base sequences
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| What is pharmacogenetics | When genomic sequence is used to inform drug choice, allowing personalised medicine
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| What are three differences between DNA and RNA | Deoxyribose vs Ribose Sugar, Thymine Vs Uracil, Double vs Single stranded
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| What are the three types of RNA | tRNA, rRNA, mRNA
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| What is the first step of gene expression called and where does it take place | Transcription , the nucleus
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| What is the difference between an primary and mature transcript | A mature transcript has introns removed
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| What is alternative RNA splicing | Different proteins can be expressed from one gene depending on what exons are retained in the mature transcript
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| What is the second stage of gene expression called and where does it take place | Translation, at the ribosome
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| What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon | Codon= triplet of bases on mRNA Anticodon=Triplet of bases on tRNA
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| What does tRNA have attached to it | amino acids
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| What bonds hold amino acids together | peptide
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| Name three gene mutations | Deletion, Insertion and Substitution
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| What gene mutations cause a frame shift | Deletion and Insertion
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| What gene mutation is a point mutation | Substitution
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| What are the three possible outcomes of a substitution gene mutation | Missense, nonsense, splice site
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| Name the four chromosome mutations | Translocation, inversion, duplication and deletion
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| What effect do most chromosome mutations have | They are lethal
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| What is the difference between a catabolic and anabolic reaction | Catabolic= break down and release energy
Anabolic= build up and uses energy
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| What is induced fit | When the active site changes shape to better fit the substrate after it binds
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| What effect does induced fit have | It lowers activation energy and products have low affinity for the active site allowing them to leave
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| What happens to enzyme activity as substrate concentration increases | Enzyme activity increases and then levels off as all available active sites are full
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| What is a competitive inhibitor | binds to the active site. Is affected by substrate concentration.
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| What is a non competitive inhibitor | binds away from active site but changes its shape. Not affected by substrate concentration
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| What is feedback inhibition | When the end product of a reaction binds to an enzyme earlier in the pathway to inhibit it
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| what is the outcome of a mutation at gene level | the order of nucleotides is altered
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| what is the outcome a mutation at protein level | the order of amino acids is altered
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| What is the name and location of the first stage of respiration | Glycolysis and cytoplasm
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| What happens in glycolysis | Glucose is broken down into pyruvate
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| What happens in the investment stage of glycolysis | 2ATP are used ( for phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates )
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| What happens in the payoff stage of glycolysis | 4 ATP are made
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| What is NAD | Carries hydrogen ions and electrons
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| What does dehydrogenase do | It’s an enzyme that removes hydrogen ions and electrons
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| What is name and location of the second stage of respiration | Citric Acid Cycle, central matrix of mitochondria
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| What does Acetyl COA combine with and what does it form | Oxaloacetate and citric acid
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| What are the products of the second stage of respiration | ATP and carbon dioxide
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| What is the name and location of the third stage of respiration | Electron Transport Chain and Cristae of the mitochondria
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| What happens to the electrons released from NAD | They pass along the electron transport chain
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| What happens to the hydrogen ions released from NAD | Pumped across the inner membrane of the cristae and then flow back through ATP synthase
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| What is the final acceptor of hydrogen and what is formed | Oxygen and water is formed
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| What are the products of lactate metabolism | Lactate and 2ATP
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| Why does NAD have to be regenerated | To maintain ATP production by glycolysis
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| What is the difference between slow twitch and fast twitch fibres | Slow= Endurance, many mitochondria, good blood supply, all three stages, fats
Fast= sprint, few mitochondria, low blood supply, glycolysis only, glycogen
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| How do somatic stem cells divide | By mitosis
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Created by:
Mrs McAleney