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What is a somatic cell
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Higher Human Biology
Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a somatic cell | Any cell in the body apart from cells involved in reproduction |
| What is a germline cell | Gametes |
| How do germline stem cells divide | by mitosis (more germline stem cells) and meiosis (germline cells) |
| What happens in the first division of meiosis | The homologous chromosomes are separated |
| What happens in the second division meiosis | The chromatids are separated |
| Are somatic cells and somatic stem cells haploid or diploid | Diploid |
| Are germline stem cells haploid or diploid | Diploid |
| Are germline cells haploid or diploid | Haploid |
| What is differentiation | When a cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins characteristic of for that cell type |
| What is a multipotent stem cell and where are they located | They are stem cells found in tissue. They can only differentiate into cell types found in that tissue |
| What is a pluripotent stem cell and where are they found | These are embryonic stem cells they can differentiate into any cell type |
| Why are embryonic stem cells pluripotent | Because all genes can still be switch on. |
| Give some therapeutic uses of stem cells | corneal repair, skin graft, bone marrow transplant |
| Give some research uses of stem cells | drug testing, study disease development, study of cell processes |
| What ethical issues surround the use of embryonic stem cells | it involves the destruction of embryos |
| What is cancer | when cells divide uncontrollable and fail to respond to regulatory signals resulting in an abnormal mass of cells |
| How does a secondary tumour form | When cells of the original tumour fail to attach and spread through the body |
| What three parts make up a DNA nucleotide | deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and a base |
| What is the base pairing rule | Adenine binds to thymine and cytosine binds to guanine |
| What type of bond holds the strands together | Hydrogen bond |
| What type of bond holds nucleotides together | sugar phosphate bond |
| What is meant by the anti parallel structure of DNA | One strand runs from 3' to 5' and the other runs from 5' to 3' |
| What part of a nucleotide is exposed at the 3' end | deoxyribose sugar |
| What part of a nucleotide is exposed at the 5' end | phosphate |
| What are the first two steps of DNA replication | The DNA unwinds and hydrogen bonds are broken |
| What is a primer and why is it needed | short strand of nucleotides that binds to the 3' end of DNA strand being replicated. it is needed to allow DNA polymerase to add nucleotides |
| Why is the leading strand replicated continuously and the lagging strand in fragments | DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end |
| What is the name of the enzyme that joins DNA fragments together | DNA ligase |
| What does PCR do | Amplify DNA |
| What might PCR be used for | Solve crimes, paternity tests, diagnose genetic disorders |
| In PCR, why is DNA firstly heated | To break the hydrogen bonds |
| In PCR , why is DNA cooled | to allow the primer to bind to target sequences |
| In PCR, why is DNA heated to 70-80 C | To provide the optimum temperature for (Taq) Polymerase |
| What is a genome | an organisms entire genetic information encoded in DNA |
| What is genomic sequencing | When the nucleotide base sequence is determined either for entire genome or parts of it |
| What is bioinformatics | Use of computer and statistical analysis to identify base sequences |
| What is pharmacogenetics | When genomic sequence is used to inform drug choice, allowing personalised medicine |
| What are three differences between DNA and RNA | Deoxyribose vs Ribose Sugar, Thymine Vs Uracil, Double vs Single stranded |
| What are the three types of RNA | tRNA, rRNA, mRNA |
| What is the first step of gene expression called and where does it take place | Transcription , the nucleus |
| What is the difference between an primary and mature transcript | A mature transcript has introns removed |
| What is alternative RNA splicing | Different proteins can be expressed from one gene depending on what exons are retained in the mature transcript |
| What is the second stage of gene expression called and where does it take place | Translation, at the ribosome |
| What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon | Codon= triplet of bases on mRNA Anticodon=Triplet of bases on tRNA |
| What does tRNA have attached to it | amino acids |
| What bonds hold amino acids together | peptide |
| Name three gene mutations | Deletion, Insertion and Substitution |
| What gene mutations cause a frame shift | Deletion and Insertion |
| What gene mutation is a point mutation | Substitution |
| What are the three possible outcomes of a substitution gene mutation | Missense, nonsense, splice site |
| Name the four chromosome mutations | Translocation, inversion, duplication and deletion |
| What effect do most chromosome mutations have | They are lethal |
| What is the difference between a catabolic and anabolic reaction | Catabolic= break down and release energy Anabolic= build up and uses energy |
| What is induced fit | When the active site changes shape to better fit the substrate after it binds |
| What effect does induced fit have | It lowers activation energy and products have low affinity for the active site allowing them to leave |
| What happens to enzyme activity as substrate concentration increases | Enzyme activity increases and then levels off as all available active sites are full |
| What is a competitive inhibitor | binds to the active site. Is affected by substrate concentration. |
| What is a non competitive inhibitor | binds away from active site but changes its shape. Not affected by substrate concentration |
| What is feedback inhibition | When the end product of a reaction binds to an enzyme earlier in the pathway to inhibit it |
| what is the outcome of a mutation at gene level | the order of nucleotides is altered |
| what is the outcome a mutation at protein level | the order of amino acids is altered |
| What is the name and location of the first stage of respiration | Glycolysis and cytoplasm |
| What happens in glycolysis | Glucose is broken down into pyruvate |
| What happens in the investment stage of glycolysis | 2ATP are used ( for phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates ) |
| What happens in the payoff stage of glycolysis | 2 ATP are made |
| What is NAD | Carries hydrogen ions and electrons |
| What does dehydrogenase do | It’s an enzyme that removes hydrogen ions and electrons |
| What is name and location of the second stage of respiration | Citric Acid Cycle, central matrix of mitochondria |
| What does Acetyl COA combine with and what does it form | Oxaloacetate and citric acid |
| What are the products of the second stage of respiration | ATP and carbon dioxide |
| What is the name and location of the third stage of respiration | Electron Transport Chain and Cristae of the mitochondria |
| What happens to the electrons released from NAD | They pass along the electron transport chain |
| What happens to the hydrogen ions released from NAD | Pumped across the inner membrane of the cristae and then flow back through ATP synthase |
| What is the final acceptor of hydrogen and what is formed | Oxygen and water is formed |
| What are the products of lactate metabolism | Lactate and 2ATP |
| Why does NAD have to be regenerated | To maintain ATP production by glycolysis |
| What is the difference between slow twitch and fast twitch fibres | Slow= Endurance, many mitochondria, good blood supply, all three stages, fats Fast= sprint, few mitochondria, low blood supply, glycolysis only, glycogen |
| How do somatic stem cells divide | By mitosis |
Created by:
Mrs McAleney