Psychology Final
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| Neurons | the human brain has approximately 86 billion neurons
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| Somabody | contains genetic info
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| dendrites | receive messages from other neurons
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| axon | transports the electrical message
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| myelin sheath | fatty covering; insulates and increases speed of signal
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| axon terminal | make it possible for one neuron to interact with other neurons
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| axon size | the larger the axon, the faster the signal
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| insulation | the more myelinated an axon, the faster the signal
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| synapse | space between neurons
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| neurotransmitters | transfer info from the axon terminal of one neuron across the synapse to the dendrites of the next neuron
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| Acetylcholine | muscle action and memory
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| Beta-endorphin | pain and pleasure
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| Dopamine | mood, sleep and learning
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| Gama- aminobutyric acid (GABA) | brain function and sleep
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| Glutamate | memory and learning
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| Norepinephrine | heart, intestines, alertness
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| Serotonin | mood and sleep
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| Glial Cells | most plentiful cells in brain; purpose related to neurons: nourish, insulate, direct the growth and remove waste
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| Cerebral Cortex | language, logical reasoning, emotion regulation
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| Basal Ganglia | control of movements, learning, habit, cognition and emotion
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| Hypothalamus | controls body temperature, hunger, fatigue, sleep
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| Thalamus | regulation of sleep, consciousness, and alertness
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| Amygdala | memory, decision - making, emotional responses
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| Hippocampus | memory, navigation
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| Midbrain | Substantia nigra, VTA
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| Hindbrain | cerebellum, pons and medulla
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| Concussions | jarring of the brain in which minor damage to neurons and blood vessels occur
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| contusions | (more serious) the brain is bruise or torn when it hits the skull
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| Stroke | resulting form blood clots or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain
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| Epilepsy | seizures resulting from uncontrolled electrical charges in the brain
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| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | 50000 babies are born each year in the US with alcohol-related defects(25% qualify for FAS)
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| Psychology | the scientific study of humans, behavior, feelings and cognitions
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| Basic goals of Psychology | explain, predict and control
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| structuralism | conscious mind could be broken down into fundamental structures
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| father of psychology | Wilhelm Wundt; founded psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany
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| Functionalism | William James; mind could be broken down into parts but placed emphasis on the adaptive functions of the mind
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| Gestalt | Wetheimer, Koffka and Kohler; the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
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| Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud; emphasis is on the unconscious and on childhoods experiences
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| Who founded Behaviorism | John B. Watson
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| Behaviorism | focus on observable and measurable behaviors
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| B.F Skinner | most famous behaviorist; rejected internal mental states; conditioning
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| Cognitive | emphasis to understand how we process information
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| Humanistic Existential | Carl Rogers; client-centered therapy
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| Abraham Maslow | hierarchy of needs; physiological, safety; love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization
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| social learning | albert- bandura; importance of observational learning
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| Multicultural Psychology | culture impacts thoughts, feelings and behaviors
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| case histories | detailed description of a particular individual; good for researching areas that would be unethical to test
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| naturalistic observation | describing of behavior as it occurs in a natural setting
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| laboratory observation | location determined by researcher; removed from their natural setting but the psychologist has more control
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| electroencephalograms | measure and record minute wavelike electrical signals
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| computed tomography | camera is a composite image of the brain with a scanner that revolves around the skull, taking thousands of X-rays
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| positron emission tomography | uses the principle that blood is rushed to busy areas of the brain.
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| psychological dependence | exists when a drug becomes so central to a person's thoughts, emotions and activities that it is extremely difficult
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| Physical dependence | occurs when the body adjusts to the presence of a drug, so that physical symptoms such as discomfort and pain occur when the drug is withdrawn
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| tolerance | a condition in which increasingly larger amounts of a drug are required to produce the effect previously achieved with smaller doses
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| Addiction | repetitive behaviors in the face of negative consequences
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| Controversial subjects | some psychologists do not believe that sexual or pornography use ca be classified as an addiction
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| sensation | occurs when sensory info is detected by a sensory receptor
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| perception | the way sensory information is interpreted by the brain
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| amplitude | height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave to the lowest point on the wave
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| wavelength | length of a wave from on peak to the next
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| frequency | the number of waves that pass a given point in a particular time period( expressed in hertz)
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| visual spectrum | the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see
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| pitch | frequency of a sound wave
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| high frequency wave | high pitch
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| low frequency wave | low pitch
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| amplitude | the volume of a sound
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| trichromatic theory | all colors in the spectrum are a combination of red, green and blue; 3 types of cones-each correspond to one of the colors
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| Opponent- Process Theory | colors codes in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red
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| Binocular Cues | rely on both eyes
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| Monocular Cues | cues that require one eye
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| Temporal Theory | frequency is coded by activity level of a sensory neurons
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| Place Theory | different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies
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| Monaural cues | help locate sounds that are above, below, in front or behind us
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| Binaural | help located sounds on a horizontal plane
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| deafness | the inability to hear
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| sensorineural | failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain
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| congenital deafness | being born deaf
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| conductive hearing loss | caused by age, genetics, exposure to extreme noise, illnesses, damage from toxins
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| taste(gustation) | sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami and fatty; life cycle of 10-14 days; 2000-8000 taste buds
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| vestibular sense- | ability to maintain balance and body posture
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| Proprioception | perception of body position
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| Kinesthesia | percept ion of body's movement through space
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| figure | object or person that is in focus
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| ground | background to the primary focus
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| learning | a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience
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| 2 types of learning | non associative and associative
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| 3 types of associative learning | classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning
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| who founded classical conditioning | Ivan Pavlov
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| classical conditioning | process by which we learn to associate stimuli and to anticipate events
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| operant conditioning | organisms learn to associate behavior and its consequences
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| elements of operant conditioning | antecedent, behavior, reinforcement
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| antecedent | neutral environmental conditions
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| behavior | something an organism does
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| reinforcement | any outcome that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
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| punishment | any outcome that decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
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