Chapters 5, 6,7,8
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| Erickson's 8 psychological stages | Infancy (birth- 1yr) Basic trust vs. mistrust
Toddlerhood(1-2) Autonomy vs. shame
Early childhood (3-6) Initiative vs.guilt
Middle childhood ( 7-12) Industry vs. inferiority
Adolescence adulthood (20-40) Identity vs. role confusion
Early adulthood (2
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| Gross motor skills | physical abilities that involve large muscle movements such as running/jumping
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| fine motor skills | physical abilities that ivolve small coordinated movements such as drawing and writing ones names
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| Piaget's preoperational stage | when children lack the ability to step back from their immediate perceptions
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| Piaget's concrete stage | when children are able to step back from their immediate perceptions and reason in a logical adult like way
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| Piaget's stage | Sensorimotor- physical
Preoperations- children's perceptions are captured by their immediate appearances
Concrete operations- children have a realistic understanding of the world
Formal operations- reasoning is at its pinnacle
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| Conservation tasks- | Piaget's tasks that involve changing the shape of substances to see whether children can see beyond the way that a substance visually appears to see that its amount remains the same
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| Reversibility | concrete operational child's is knowledgeable that a specific change in the way a given substance looks can be reversed
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| Centering | the pre operational child's tendency to fixate on the most visually striking feature of a substance and not take into account dimensions
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| Decentering | the concrete operational child's ability to look into the several dimensions of an object of substance
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| Class inclusion | the understanding that a general category can encompass several subordinate elements
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| Identity constancy | the preoperational child's ability to grasp that a person's core self stays the same despite changes in external appearance
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| Psychologist Les Vygotsky | - theorized that the gap between a child's ability to solve a problem totally on their own and their own potential knowledge is taught by a more accomplished adult
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| Scaffolding | the process of teaching new skills by entering a child's zone of proximal development and tailoring one's efforts to that person's competence level
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| Vygotsky's theory | the way in which humans learn to regulate their behavior is through silently repeating information of talking to themselves
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| Theory of mind | knowledge that other people have different perspectives from our own
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| Working memory | keeps information in awareness we either process information or discard it
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| Executive processor | allows us to focus on important material to prepare for Germany storage
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| Executive functions | any frontal lobe ability that allows intellectual planning and thinking
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| Autobiographical memory | recollection of events and experiences that make up one's life
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| Executive functions | abilities that allow us to plan and direct our thinking to relevant info
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| Selective attention | a learning strategy in which we manage our awareness so as to attend only to what is relevant to filter out unneeded information
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| Externalizing tendencies | involves acting on our immediate impulses and behaving disruptively
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| Internalizing tendencies | a personality style that involves intense fear, low self steem
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| Induction | involving getting children who have behaved hurtfully to emphasize with the pain they cause in other people
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| Proactive agression | -hostile or destructive acts carried out to achieve a goal
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| Reactive agression | - hostile acts carried out in response to be frustrated / hurt
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| Relational agression | - destructive acts designed to harm other relationships
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| Hostile attributional bias | when children tend to misread other people's actions as threatening when they're not
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| Jacob Moreno | gave children a class list and asked " who would you really like to come to your party ?"
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| Dr. Dan Owleus | research professor from Norway often considered the " pioneer" in bullying research
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| Parenting style | Diana Baumrind's
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| Authoritative parents | - provides ample love and family rules
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| Authoritarian parents | - provide many rules but rank low on love
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| Permissive parents | - few rules but lots of love
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| Rejecting/ neglecting parents | little discipline or love
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| Acculturation | - among immigrants the tendency to become similar to the mainstream culture after time spent living in a new society
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| Collective efficacy | - Communities defend by strong cohesion, a commitment to neighbors neighbor helping
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| WISC | - Wechsler intelligence scale for children
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| Flynn effect- | remarkable rise in 19 tests scores around the world that occurred over the 20th century
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| Robert Sternburg's types of intelligence ( Triachic theory) | Analytic, creative, practical, successful,
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| Howard Gardener's | verbal, mathematical, intrapersonal, interpersonal. spatial, musical, kinestetic, and naturalist
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| Alfred binet- | assessed mental age, test of general mental ability
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| Ruth Griffiths- | infant IQ test
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| Nancy Baylay | - IQ test used for preschool age
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| David Wechler | - Most widely used, modeled after Binet's
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| Charles Spearman | - responsible for performance IQ tests
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| Louis Thurstone | - Intelligence is cluster of abilities
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| Menarche | - a girls first menustration
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| Adrenal androgens | - hormones produced by the adrenal glands that program puberty
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| Hpg axis | - The main hormonal system that programs in puberty
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| Gonads | - The sex organs ovaries in a girl and testes in boys
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| Primary sexual characteristics | - Physical changes that involve reproductive organs such as growth of penis and menstruation
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| Secondary sexual characteristics | - physical changes during puberty not directly involved in reproduction
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| Susan Carter's research | 5 domains that relate to overall self esteem
1. feelings of competence 2. behavioral conduct 3. athletic skills 4. likability 5. and appearance
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