psych unit 10 vocab
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| behavioral approach | in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
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| collective unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history
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| collectivism | giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly
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| defense mechanism | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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| ego | the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
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| empirically derived test | a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
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| false consensus effect | the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors
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| fixation | according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeing energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
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| free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
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| humanistic theories | view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
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| id | a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy
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| identification | the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
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| individualism | giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests, developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is not used for many other screening purposes
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| narcissism | excessive self-love and self-absorption
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| oedipus complex | according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of hatred and jealously and hatred for the rival father
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| psychodynamic theories | modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
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| psychosexual stages | the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
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| reciprocal determinism | the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
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| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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| rorschach inkblot test | the most widely used projective test a set if 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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| self | in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
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| self-actualization | according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
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| self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
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| self-esteem | one's feelings of high or low self-worth
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| self-serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
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| social-cognitive perspective | views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context
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| spotlight effect | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
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| superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations
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| terror-management theory | a theory of death- related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
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| trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
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| unconditional positive regard | a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
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| unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
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