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psych unit 10 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| behavioral approach | in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development |
| collective unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history |
| collectivism | giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly |
| defense mechanism | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| ego | the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality |
| empirically derived test | a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
| false consensus effect | the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors |
| fixation | according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeing energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved |
| free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing |
| humanistic theories | view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth |
| id | a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy |
| identification | the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos |
| individualism | giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests, developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is not used for many other screening purposes |
| narcissism | excessive self-love and self-absorption |
| oedipus complex | according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of hatred and jealously and hatred for the rival father |
| psychodynamic theories | modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences |
| psychosexual stages | the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
| reciprocal determinism | the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| rorschach inkblot test | the most widely used projective test a set if 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
| self | in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions |
| self-actualization | according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
| self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" |
| self-esteem | one's feelings of high or low self-worth |
| self-serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
| social-cognitive perspective | views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context |
| spotlight effect | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders |
| superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations |
| terror-management theory | a theory of death- related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
| trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports |
| unconditional positive regard | a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance |
| unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories |
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pari.0912
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