Sociology Exam Two
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| The two social institutions that are most directly involved in the issue of exercising power in order to allocate scarce resources are: | Political and Economic Institutions
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| "Rule by a small number of people in which most group members take little part in making decisions" is called: | Oligarchy
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| Which of the following is a characteristic of socialist economies | Means of production are collectively held
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| "Relatively unrestrained power in the hands of a few who rule the masses" refers to the | The Power Elite
by C.W. Mills
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| Through studying the social backgrounds of people in elite positions, G. William Domhoff determined that: | They participate in elaborate informal network
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| According to C.W. Mills, The elite in the U.S. is made up of the following | Heads of Corporations
Military Chiefs
Political directories
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| Which of the following is NOT a reason given in the text for the decline in union membership over the past three decades | Decline in number of people in jobs that are traditionally unionized
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| "Worker empowerment" refers to programs that attempt to: | Workers gaining management authority and responsibility and more control over the operation of corporations
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| The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are most correctly identified as | Global Financial Institution that promotes the spread of capitalism
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| The term "socioeconomic status" refers to: | a person's social location based on all three dimensions of the stratification system: Wealth, Prestige, and Power
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| Which of the following types of differentiation is the least likely to lead into stratification | Custom
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| In examining the universality of stratification, which of the following society is the least likely to have a system | Hunting and Gathering Societies
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| "Social stratification is a mechanism for allocating differential rewards and motivating people to fill key positions that are important to society." | Functionalist perspective
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| According to Marx, the failure of people in a particular social class to recognize what is in their own best interest is called | False Class Consciousness
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| Which of the following was NOT mentioned as an elite model theorist | Marx
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| Which of the following was NOT a mode of production examined by Marx | Industrialism & Pastoralism
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| Weber's and Karl Marx theoretical explanation of stratification are based respectively on Max | Weber believes that IDEOLOGICAL FORCES are essential and more important.
Marx believes that OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS are more important.
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| According to world-system theory, the nations that dominate and exploit other nations are called: | Core Nations
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| The most widely used objective criterion used to measure socioeconomic status is: | Occupation
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| According to Turner and Starnes, the wealthfare system | is an example of an exercise of power by elite and upper class over society
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| Which of the following is true regarding the distribution of wealth between the poor and the wealthy in the United States today? | U.S. has more inequitable distribution than any other world
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| The statement "Poverty exists because the greed of elites who pursue a massively unbalanced distribution of resources" would be most consistent with | Conflict model
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| Which of the following would be the clearest example of "status inconsistency" | Occupy unparallel positions in society
Ex: A millionaire with no schooling
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| Characteristics like race and ethnicity are called | Ascribed vs Achieve Statuses
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| A negative attitude toward certain people based solely on their membership in a particular group is called: | Prejudice
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| The sociologist who characterized the complex relationships between prejudice and discrimination by formulating four possible combinations of the two was: | Robert K. Merton
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| Accepting other racial or ethnic groups in both belief and practice | The Unprejudiced Nondiscriminator
Ex. United States
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| Negative feelings toward a particular group and translates these sentiments into unequal treatment of people in that group | The Prejudiced Discriminator
Ex. Ku Klux Klan
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| Kind of "closet bigot" who is prejudiced against members of some groups but does not translate these attitudes into discriminatory practices | The prejudiced Nondiscriminator
Ex. A landlord may be prejudiced against Asian Americans yet still rent apartments to them because of laws forbidding housing discrimination
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| Treats the members of some groups unequally because it is convenient or advantageous to do so rather than out of personal antipathy toward them | The Unprejudiced Discriminator
Ex. Salespeople in a real estate agency, may have no personal prejudices but still decline to show houses in certain neighborhoods to African Americans because of the prejudices of people who already live there.
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| A competitive situation in which there are two groups of workers willing to do the same work, but for different wages is most precisely referred to as | Split Labor Market
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| Refers to situations where a subordinate group provides cheap labor that benefits the dominant group and is then further exploited by having to purchase goods and services from the dominant group | Internal Colonialism
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| According to the text, the lynching of African Americans in the United States between 1880 and 1930 were due in part to | Economic Competition
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| When a society allows a group to retain a culture, beliefs, values, and knowledge, that is in part separate from the culture of the dominant society, this is termed: | Cultural Pluralism
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| According to the text, African Americans today | Income improved less compared to white income
Some trapped in poverty or in occupations with low prestige
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| Which of the following is true, according to the discussion of Asian Americans in the text? | Racist attitudes in U.S. characterized the Chinese as "YELLOW PERIL"
They were often referred to by the pejorative term COOLIES
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| In the "class versus race" debate, sociologist William J. Wilson argues that | Class, rather than race, is the more important factor in determining the social positions of African Americans today
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| Regarding biological differences between men and women, the text concludes that | Differences are far fewer and much smaller than was once thought to be the case
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| According to the conflict perspective on gender inequality: | Sex roles become the background for struggle for jobs and prestige
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| According to the text, gender refers to: | Learned behavior involving how we are expected to act as females and males in society
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| According to investigations of the content of school textbooks and children's picture books today | Many are pictured more frequently
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| Regarding the relationship between income and gender, recent research shows that | None of the occupations studied show that women earned more than men
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| In which of the following realms do men today suffer from discrimination based on gender | Military, use of obscene language and higher insurance
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| The program of "comparable worth" has been developed in the United States to | Reduce the economic inequalities suffered by women
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| Refers to a condition where male and female characteristics are not rigidly assigned and there is a blending of the traits of both sexes | Androgyny
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