CH 11 Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation
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| What is the average weight gain for normal women during pregnancy? | 25-35 lbs
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| What is the average weight gain for underweight women? | 28-40 lbs
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| How many weight is gained during the 1st trimester? | 2-4 lbs
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| How much weight is gained lb/week during 2nd & 3rd trimester? | 1 pound/week
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| How many additional calories are need during 2nd & 3rd trimester? | +300 calories
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| What supplement decreases the risk of brain and spinal cord defects prior to conception? | Folic acid (vitamin B9 or folacin; water soluble)
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| Protein intake increases how much by a pregnant woman over 25? | 20%
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| Protein intake increases how much for pregnant adolescent? | 25%
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| What can excess Vitamin A cause during pregnancy? | Do not increase Vitamin A as it can cause birth defects.
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| Vitamin D requirement during pregnancy? | 10 units
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| Vitamin E requirement during pregnancy? | 5 units
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| Vitamin K requirement during pregnancy? | 75-90 units depending upon age.
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| TRUE or FALSE: Requirements for all the water-soluble vitamins, Vitamins B & C, Calcium, Iron, Zinc, Iodine, and selenium are increased during pregnancy. | TRUE
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| TRUE OR FALSE: Over-the-counter nutrient supplements may be harmful to the fetus. | TRUE
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| TRUE OR FALSE: Iron supplements are commonly prescribed. | TRUE
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| What are the concerns during pregnancy? | - nausea<br> - constipation<br> - heartburn<br> - excessive weight gain <br> - pregnancy-induced hypertension<br> - pica<br> - anemia<br> - alcohol, caffeine, drugs & tobacco
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| NAUSEA | "Morning sickness" occurs most commonly in 1st trimester.<br><br> Suggestions:<br> - eat dry crackers or dry toast before rising<br> - eat small, frequent meals<br> - avoid food with offensive odors<br> - avoid liquids at mealtime
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| HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM | occurs when the nausea becomes so severe that it is life threatening. <br><br> may require hospitalization & parenteral nutrition.
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| CONSTIPATION | caused by relaxed gastrointestinal tract due to progesterone.<br><br> Suggestions:<br> - Eat High fiber diet - participate in daily exercise - drink 8 glasses of water per day
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| HEARTBURN | Caused by pressure on the stomach by the growing fetus & relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.<br> Suggestions: - eat small, frequent meals - avoid spicy or greasy food, liquids w/ meals - wait at least 1hr after eating to lie down & 2hrs before exerci
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| PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION | aka PRE-ECLAMPSIA or TOXEMIA; characterized by HBP, presence of protein in urine, and edema in 3rd trimester.<br><br> May progress into eclamptic stage w/ convulsion, coma, & possible death of mother & infant.
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| High risk for Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension? | during 1st trimester, multifetal pregnancies, morbidly obese mothers, or those with inadequate diets, especially protein deficient.
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| PICA | craving for nonfood. (i.e. starch, clay(soil), or ice)
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| ANEMIA | condition caused by an insufficiency of RBC, hemoglobin or blood volume.
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| Anemia causes? | weakness, fatigue, poor appetite, and pallor.
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| Most common anemia? | Iron-deficiency anemia
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| What vitamin deficiency can lead to Megaloblastic anemia? | Folate deficiency (vitamin B9)
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| FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME <BR>(FAS) | Characterized by a growth deficiency, central nervous system dysfunction, microcephaly (small head/brain), and other physical characteristics.
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| FETAL ALCOHOL EFFECT | causes fewer physicial defects but many behavioral and psychosocial problems.
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| Drugs derived from which vitamin can cause fetal malformations and spontaneous abortions? | vitamin A
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| What substance is associated with low birth weights, sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS), and fetal death | Tobacco
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| What factors affect a pregnant woman with diabetes? | diabetes type and number of insulin injections required.
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| GESTATIONAL DIABETES | occurs during pregnancy and disappears after the infant is born. Note: predisposed to type II.
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| T or F: insulin is used during pregnancy to control any type of diabetes. | TRUE
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| T or F: Oral hypoglycemic agents have been used during pregnancy. | FALSE
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| Risks for pregnant adolescence | Pregnancy-induced hypertension and premature delivery
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| T or F: Recommended that no supplemental feedings be given until feeding routine is established. | true
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| Human milk is formulated to meet the nutrient needs of infants for how long? | first 6 months of life
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| T or F: Some babies are allergic to their mother's milk. | FALSE
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| T or F: Human milk contains at least 100 ingredients not found in formula. | TRUE
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| Benefits of breastfeeding for the infant | - lower incidence of ear infections, diarrhea, allergies and hospital admissions <br> - receive antibodies from breast milk <br> - promotes jaw development - decreases risk of obesity later in life - facilitates bonding
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| Benefits of breastfeeding for Mother | - lose weight - stimulates uterus to contract to original size - economical - opportunity for resting - milk is always right temperature & readily available.
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| Nutrition requirement during lactation | - increase 500 calories/day - fluid intake should replace fluids used for milk production.
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| Nutrition concerns during lactation | - chemicals can pass into mother's milk - check with obstetrician before using any meds or nutrient supplement - caffeine may make an infant irritable
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